Typography enters the Space Age! Dynascript brings the ease of “Pushbutton Automatic” to your typesetting experience. Dynascript is actually Two fonts in One–without switching fonts you can instantly change from Dynascript’s connecting font to the non-connecting italic with the simple push of a button. For more details download “The Dynascript Manual” from the Gallery Section. What is Dynascript? Dynascript is the slanted script cousin of Dynatype. It shares many of the characteristics of it’s sibling, but is drawn entirely from scratch and has it’s own unique character. To some it may be reminiscent of various mid-century neon signage, and of sign writing, Speedball alphabets and even baseball scripts. The design of Dynascript also takes some cues from a historical typographic curiosity that began in Germany in the ‘20s and which lasted into the ‘60s—when Photo-Lettering gave it the name "Zip-Top". Basically it was believed to be the wave of the future—that by weighting an alphabet heavier in its top half, one could increase legibility and reading speed. The jury’s still out on whether or not there’s any validity to this claim, but I think you’ll agree that in the context of this design, the heavier weighting at the top of the letters helps to create some uniquely pleasing forms, and a script unlike any other. Typesetters across the planet will also be able to set copy in their language of choice. Dynascript’s 694 glyphs can be used to set copy in: Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Kalaallisut, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Maltese, Manx, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, Oromo, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish, and Welsh—and of course English. Sorry! Off-world languages not yet supported. PLEASE NOTE: When setting Dynascript one should ALWAYS select the “Standard Ligatures" and “Contextual Alternates” buttons in your OpenType palette. See the “Read Me First!” file in the Gallery section.

New from the Monotype Studio, Cotford is a contemporary serif from Creative Type Director, Tom Foley. Dynamic, adaptable, and surprising—Cotford is a languid serif that ranges from delicate thins, bending and reaching like flower stems, to bold heavy weights that command the page and screen with confidence and vintage charm. And as a variable font, Cotford allows designers to explore and refine the design almost endlessly, unearthing its many visual tones and hidden secrets. Foley set out to design a soulful, contemporary serif typeface that delivers all the versatility and robustness today's designers expect. The variable font unlocks an expandsive spectrum of visual expression that allows designers to explore, tweak, and adjust the typeface until they find the perfect weight, contrast, and optical size for their project. At the same time, Cotford’s static weights follow a traditional model of 3 text and 5 display weights, making it a strong choice for brands looking for simple implementation. A pop serif for the digital age, Cotford takes you places. Cotford font field guide including best practices, font pairings and alternatives.

INTRODUCTION When I started the first Selfie back in 2014 I was aware that I was designing something innovative at some point, because at that time there were not too many, (if any) fonts which rescued so many calligraphy features being at the same time a monolinear sans. I took inspiration from the galerías’ neon signs of my home city, Buenos Aires, and incorporated the logic and ductus of the spencerian style. The result was a very versatile font with many ligatures, swashes and a friendly look. But… I wasn’t cognizant of how successful the font would become! Selfie is maybe the font of my library that I see the most when I finally go out, (type-designers tend to be their entire lives glued to a screen), when I travel, and also the font that I mostly get emails about, asking for little tweaks, new capitals, new swashes. Selfie was used by several renowned clients, became part of many ‘top fonts of the year’ lists and was published in many magazines and books about type-design. These recognitions were, at the same time, cuddles for me and my Selfie and functioned as a driving force in 2020 to start this project which I called Selfie Neue. THE FONT "Selfie for everything" Selfie Neue, because it’s totally new: All its glyphs were re-drawn, all the proportions changed for better, and the old and somehow naive forms of the first Selfie were redesigned. Selfie Neue is now a family of many members (you can choose between a Rounded or a Sharp look), from Thin to Black, and from Short to Tall (because I noticed the feel of the font changed notoriously when altering its proportions). It also includes swashy Caps, which will serve as a perfect match for the lowercase and some incredibly cute icons/dingbats (designed by the talented Melissa Cronenbold) which, as you see in the posters, make the font even more attractive and easy to use. You'll find tons of alternates per glyph. It's impossible to get tired with Selfie! Like it happened with the old Selfie, Selfie Neue Rounded was thought for a really wide range of uses. Magazines, Book-covers, digital media, restaurants, logos, clothing, etc. Hey! The font is also a VF (Variable Font)! So you can have fun with its two axes: x-height and weight, in applications that support them. Let me take a New Selfie! TECHNICAL If you plan to print Selfie Neue VF (Rounded or Sharp), please remember to convert it to outlines first. The majority of the posters above have the "contextual" alternates activated, and this makes the capitals a little smaller. I'd recommend deactivating it if you plan to use Selfie for just one word. Use the font always with the "fi" feature activated so everything ligatures properly. The slant of the font is 24,7 degrees, so if you plan to have its stems vertical, you may use Selfie with that rotation in mind. THANKS FOR READING

Masteria Script is a retro script typeface. An optimistic calligraphy lettering to bring you back to the golden age of hand-drawn advertisements, Masteria is a professional quality handwriting font family. Drawn and created by Mans Greback in 2022, it is perfect for a vintage restaurant headline or nostalgic logotype design. Use underscore _ to make a swash. Example: Mast_eria Use multiple underscores to make a longer swash. Example: Super___human (Download required.) Masteria Script is provided in six diverse styles, such as Thin, Bold, Black, Italic and combinations to compliment each other and maximise your options and design experience. The font is built with advanced OpenType functionality and has a guaranteed top-notch quality, containing stylistic and contextual alternates, ligatures and more features; all to give you full control and customizability. It has extensive lingual support, covering all Latin-based languages, from Northern Europe to South Africa, from America to South-East Asia. It contains all characters and symbols you'll ever need, including all punctuation and numbers.

As as a computer programmer, it is my job to stare at screens of text all day. As soon as I learned the mechanics of font design, I boldly set out to design a typeface from my own handwriting that I could use to make my life easier. First, it had to have very distinctive numerals (trust me, it can be easy to mistake an 8 for a 3 in code), it had to have huge punctuation characters (even Perl code like '[lN*1lK[d2%Sa2/d0' looks good in Debug), and it had to be a bit friendlier than Courier (so that I don't give up hope when my code won't compile). I had so much fun designing it that I decided to give it strange lower-case 'i's and 'm's as a bonus. I also spent far too much time hinting it so that it would look as nice as possible at low resolutions.

Masteria Wide is a retro script typeface. An optimistic calligraphy lettering to bring you back to the golden age of hand-drawn advertisements, Masteria Wide is a professional quality handwriting font family. Drawn and created by Mans Greback in 2022, it is perfect for a vintage restaurant headline or nostalgic logotype design. Use underscore _ to make a swash. Example: Mast_eria Use multiple underscores to make a longer swash. Example: Super___human (Download required.) Masteria Wide is provided in eight diverse styles, such as Thin, Bold, Black, Italic and combinations to compliment each other and maximise your options and design experience. The font is built with advanced OpenType functionality and has a guaranteed top-notch quality, containing stylistic and contextual alternates, ligatures and more features; all to give you full control and customizability. It has extensive lingual support, covering all Latin-based languages, from Northern Europe to South Africa, from America to South-East Asia. It contains all characters and symbols you'll ever need, including all punctuation and numbers.

Entropic Brush is a striking fat brush font that boasts a wild and rustic charm. Its decorative display style makes it perfect for logotypes, headlines, and other eye-catching design elements. The font's heavy, oak-like strokes and thick brush texture give it a bold and distinctive character. Ideal for projects that require a strong, natural presence, Entropic Brush is a versatile font that adds a sense of raw energy and untamed beauty to your designs. Its unique aesthetic makes it a great choice for branding materials that need to convey a sense of rugged, organic elegance. With hundreds of swashy and decorative alternates, Entropic brush is sure to give you a customized appearance – like a truly hand-drawn paintbrush design. Use characters _ ¤ # after any word to make a swash. Example: Spline_ Sonic¤ Brush# Use multiple _ ¤ # to make swashes of different lengths. Example: Superhuman______ (Download required.) The Entropic Brush font family includes four high-quality styles to suit various design needs: Regular: A bold statement with a natural, rustic appearance Bold: An even heavier presence for more impactful designs Italic: Adds an expressive, dynamic touch to your text Bold Italic: Combines the assertiveness of bold with the energy of italic Built with advanced OpenType functionality, Entropic Brush ensures top-notch quality and provides you with full control and customizability. It includes stylistic alternates, ligatures, and other features to make your designs truly unique. The font is built with advanced OpenType functionality and has a guaranteed top-notch quality, containing stylistic and contextual alternates, ligatures and more features; all to give you full control and customizability. It has extensive lingual support, covering all Latin-based languages, from Northern Europe to South Africa, from America to South-East Asia. It contains all characters and symbols you'll ever need, including all punctuation and numbers.

ZF Ydor font family has been created to give a crafty, hand drawn look to your project. Its characters have been drawn by hand to give them a warm and authentic look. It was designed as a generic handwritten font; almost a mild handwritten font. The creation of ZF Ydor started for a specific work of our design firm, for which we needed a font that was handwritten, easy to read, and did not seem to be childish or comic, as several handwritten fonts do. ZF Ydor comes in five basic weights, is intended to work best in print materials as well as websites and digital apps, for small family companies, organic products and others. It also feels comfortable with short or large texts, in small and large sizes, due to clear and rounded characters. It supports all Latin language and the Greek too.

Fresh Style is a modern script style similar to hand lettering, decorative characters, designed to perfectly blend informal, romantic, sassy, ​​sweet script. Hand-drawn design elements allow you to create tons of beautiful typographic designs in seconds such as branding, logos, web design and editorial, prints, invitations, crafts, quotes and many more. Frest Styles includes alternative OpenType styles, ligatures, and International support for most Western Languages. To enable the OpenType Stylistic alternative, you need a program that supports OpenType features such as Adobe Illustrator CS, Adobe Indesign & CorelDraw X6-X7, Microsoft Word 2010 or a later version. Fresh Style is encoded with Unicode PUA, which allows full access to all additional characters without special design software. Mac users can use Font Book, and Windows users can use Character Map to view and copy any extra characters to paste into your favorite text editor/app.

Lil Stuart is a beautiful calligraphic script typeface. Drawn and created between 2019 to 2022, this logotype lettering has a vivid style and a strong personality. It has an optimistic look, expressive speed and characteristic movements. Use underscore _ anywhere in a word to make an underline. Example: Love_letter Use multiple underscores to make different swashes. Example: Base_____ball Use numbersign # after any letter to make a swash. Example: Welcome# Summer# (Download required.) The Lil Stuart typeface family consist of Regular and Italic. The font is built with advanced OpenType functionality and has a guaranteed top-notch quality, containing stylistic and contextual alternates, ligatures and more features; all to give you full control and customizability. It has extensive lingual support, covering all Latin-based languages, from Northern Europe to South Africa, from America to South-East Asia. It contains all characters and symbols you'll ever need, including all punctuation and numbers.

Introducing the Gracella font in the Elegant Sans Serif style. A versatile font that can be used for both formal and casual. Gracela is a regular style font, not too thin nor too thick, and very suitable for the needs of logos, branding, websites, Features. - Supports all languages in the world (37) - Versatile Single Font. - One font for all needs. Make sure you test out the fonts using one of our examples before making any purchases to know what you're getting yourself into. Thank you for taking care when choosing fonts!

Benord is a bold elegant modern serif, it comes with stylistic alternates and creative ligatures. The idea behind Benord was to modernise an old style serif for today’s design industry. The main aim was too creative a serif take has a nostalgic vintage feel with a modern twist. Benord is an ideal font for graphic designs and advertising agencies who are looking to create beautiful logos and designs. Benord was designed to look great in both large and small type settings, making it perfect for cover and layouts. With its great multilingual support, Benord can produce a large number of different languages.

Strictly geometrically constructed character forms with an even stroke width The idea behind it: to construct letters according to geometric principles — without correcting the inevitable optical imbalances and unsightly thickening. The round shapes are really circular too. The main feature of the Constroke is the constant stroke width. Another typical feature of almost all geometric fonts is the round small a. Many characters are also available as stylistic alternates. This gives the font a completely different look. A total of 7 style sets and unusual ligatures invite you to play with alternate forms. Constroke also includes tabular figures, circled numerals and directional arrows.

Inquired handwritten font is a seductive font that is made with a touch of elegance and feeling to give the best touch. Inquired handwritten font an elegant combination of a script. It is slender, feminine and classy, while still maintaining a friendly feel. Inquired handwritten font is versatile and will work perfectly for fashion, e-commerce brands, trend blogs, wedding boutiques or any business that wants to appear upscale and chic. Inquired handwritten font is perfect for creating original and functional designs. It has extensive language support and tons of ligatures, stylistic sets that add visual interest to every letter.

We've created a lively antiqua that is perfect for short emotional inscriptions. Coats will warm you up on a cold day and add a little kindness and easiness into any layout. Lines typed with this typeface start “trembling” in long texts, so be careful to use this family for special occasions and in small amounts. Imagine: on a cold day, you've just arrived home from a frosty walk to be rewarded with a cup of hot cocoa topped with marshmallows. We call this feeling the Coats effect. Add to your collection this unique font family that works perfectly in the contemporary digital age.

My friends didn't use capitals when sending me text messages, e-mails and using all their digital toys. At the beginning, I was feeling ignored. But after time I thought, that... I can do something for them. And so, I've made Redaktor. Redaktor is a cute monospaced family of four fonts, which has only lowercase characters and large x-height. If you want to write an uppercase character, you can't do it. (OK, to be fair, there will be small underline, just to show you, what you have done...) You may find Redaktor useful for posters, titling, info-graphics or websites.

We just had the Eurovision Song Contest here in Holland. I quite like to watch it, as it is usually a freak show of kitsch, political incorrectness and often really bad music. But it is a laugh and this year was no different. It inspired me to create this particular font with this particular name. Sing Along is a happy, wobbly, kitschy font that comes with a bit of ‘over-the-topness’, a few personality issues and an unsteady gait. Needless to say, it is politically incorrect, but that, my friends, is not necessarily a bad thing.

'Brokken’ is the Dutch word for ‘chunks’. They are the hearty specialty of the house, prepared by the ship’s cook Donald DBXL Beekman. Nice'n'greasy and monospaced, you'll always find a decent way to cram the letters in. Brokken is straightforward, straight-lined with beveled corners, and all caps. For the ones who have to watch their weight, or who simple don’t like their fonts to be too fatty, DBXL designed a diet version called Brokken Light. With their big contrast, both weights combine very well and are great for making ultra-compact ribbon headlines or stacking vertically.

Alothea is a friendly and modern script font with a quirky style. Masterfully designed to become a true favorite. Beautiful and versatile, this font will become your top choice for a wide spectrum of creative ideas in no time! This font is PUA encoded which means you can access all of the glyphs.

Morning’s spirited, bouncy cursive letterforms feel like a painter’s signature; it’s a familiar style but with something of a twinkle in its eye. The style of Morning looks to imitate wet brush and ink lettering, and dances between seriousness and play. You’ll find a mix of letter connections here, and some ligatures, too.

Daragie is a feminine vintage typeface with beautiful alternete, tons of special , ornament and multilingual support. It's a very versatile font that works great in large and small sizes. Perfect for editorial projects, Logo design, Clothing Branding, product packaging, magazine headers, or simply as a stylish text overlay to any background image.

This cheerful font family combines cuteness and fun, making it a great choice for any kid’s app, book, toy, packaging, movie, theme park and so much more. Caliny’s curves are drawn with care and love. It covers more than 200 languages and has some advanced typographic features, like case sensitive forms to offer.

With its straight and clean face Hybi10 Metal can be a quite normal antique font family. But the alternates with different versions of spikes at the uppercase letters gives it an additional use. Decide for your own, how to use it. The styles with real capitals widens the range of use too.

GARYFORD VINTAGE SERIF FONT --- Garyford is a Serif font designed with carefully handcrafted. Also suitable for branding, T-shirt, Classic Design, Logotype, and any project. Comes with a tons of ligature and alternates make your life more than comofortable, easier to design and free stress. Multilingual Support, support many different languages 20+ .

Chunky Nouveau JNL was inspired by a circa-1928 water applied decal for the Top Most Insulated Jug. The plump, rounded hand lettering of the brand name was given a slightly thicker treatment to create a more poster-oriented display design. Chunky Nouveau JNL is available in both regular and oblique versions.

A "Petit Four" is a small, bite-sized, French pastry. The font before you is a bite-sized Hanoded original. It is hand made, fun to use and comes with a lot of calories. Like its namesake, use Petit Four sparingly and it will be the cherry on top of your design.

Drawn with a thick marker, I present to you: Mental Duck! A loose and laid back comic book font, suitable for both comics, posters, products for children, toys ... in fact anything that needs a legible and handdrawn look. Comes in three different versions: Regular, Fill and Shadow. Mix them for great results!

Thinker Justice is a Modern Handwritten Font. Thinker Justice is a trendy and modern handwritten font. Simple and natural, this font will become your top choice for formal and informal designs in no time! Thinker Justice also multilingual support. Enjoy the font, feel free to comment or feedback, send me PM or email.

Many street nameplates in Britain use versions of Kindersley serif capitals designed by David Kindersley in the 1950s. K-Type Kindersley Sans is an unfussy alternative to the signage stalwart, perfectly suited to newer environments and more contemporary tastes. Kindersley Sans is a humanist sans-serif that conserves the Gill-inspired character and some of the calligraphic qualities of Kindersley’s lettering, it retains the Roman proportions and its Britishness, but traditional prettiness and intricacy are discarded in favour of a clean modernity. For purposes where Transport (MOT) is considered too formal and Kindersley too old-fashioned, Kindersley Sans offers an open and amiable up-to-date alternative. The typeface is comfortably spaced and carefully kerned to deliver beautiful results with ease, and although designed with nameplates in mind, it excels as an all-purpose text face in print and on screen. The tail of the uppercase Q has minimal descent to avoid constriction. Kindersley Sans includes a lowercase designed for signage with short descenders to prevent unsightly congestion. A generous x-height assists legibility, and characters are designed for easy reading and distinctiveness. The curved foot of the lowercase L distinguishes it from the uppercase i. The six fonts contain a full complement of Latin Extended-A characters, Welsh diacritics and Irish dotted consonants, so European language nameplates need not be a source of frustration. The ascent and descent of accented characters has been kept to an acceptable minimum.

This typeface comes from a self initiated project called Sápmi, which aims to contribute to keep a group of minority languages alive through solving issues in the education environment. This re-thought edition takes the name of Aanaar and joins our library with a bigger character set and two new weights which complete the typeface providing a big typographic palette as well as adding stylistic two-story a and g for more advanced readers as well as to enable the typeface to be used in other environments. The typeface was originally designed for children’s text books. Analysing kid’s typeface design, we identified some important problems and solved them within the boundaries we had. The main concern in a typeface which will be used by children is letter recognition, as they have not yet fully develop their reading skills. For example, letters like “a” and “g” share a very similar structure in this particular kind of typefaces, where the only distinctive part is the descender of the “g”. It is known that the lower part of the letter is the less important feature when reading, therefore we decided to make a clear distinction between them by having an “a” with a spur on the top right. This also helped distinguishing “a” and “o”. Children typefaces usually have one story “a”, making “a” usually too close to “o”. Additionally we moved the joint in “a” upwards and narrowed very slightly the “a” to make sure they cannot be mistaken. More generally, the x-height is fairly tall and the typeface has a bit of movement which give it a good rhythm helping moving along nicely when reading. Aanaar consists of 5 weights (Light, Regular, Medium, Bold and Black) plus two Italics (Light Italic and Italic).

Goodwater is an original collection of a Brush, three weights of a monoline Script and four weights of condensed Sans typeface. Goodwater also has a “Print” version with rugged outline and worn-out texture of each font. Goodwater is a great pack for any display use from online to logo and from headline to packaging. All the styles are designed using the same proportions and soft corners so that they’ll place nice together. All Print versions have the same texture style and size too so that they’ll fit smooth together. Goodwater Script and Brush fonts are equipped with automatic Standard Ligatures and Contextual Alternates to keep the flow smooth and it’s best to keep those features on.

Every element in this typeface shouts tall and narrow, slender and provocative. With wispy delicate serifs attached to elevator-style vertical stems, Stratosphere’s only goal seems to be getting to the top in style. And no matter how you describe it - ultra thin or ultra condensed - this typeface is best for short headlines and titles. Use only in large display sizes and use sparingly. Stratosphere Light is also available in the OpenType Std format. Some new characters have been added to this OpenType version. Advanced features currently work in Adobe Creative Suite InDesign, Creative Suite Illustrator, and Quark XPress 7. Check for OpenType advanced feature support in other applications as it gradually becomes available with upgrades.

SAVINDER - ALL CAPS Serif! Savinder is a modern and elegant, classy all-capital typeface with unique curves and cuts making it one of the most memorable fonts, perfect for a magazine brand or title. You can also use this font for logos, branding, and it's versatile for any project too! FEATURES: • Uppercase • Numbers & Punctuation • Characters with accents • Supports Languages This type of family has become a work of true love, making it as easy and enjoyable as possible. I really hope you enjoy it! I can't wait to see what you do with Savinder! Feel free to use the #Dora Typefoundry tag and the # Logo Font Savinder font to show what you've been up to!

Zega Text is a top-heavy sans family, inspired in the imprecisions of letterpress printing. Zega has 14 versions that give to your text (printed or on screen) a delicious sense of old printing. Give an exclusive touch to your text with normal versions, without losing reading clarity. Try the heavier versions and add a nice impact to your titles! The family consists of 14 styles, 7 weights plus their respective italic versions. The fonts are available in OpenType PS and have extended character set to support CE, Baltic, Turkish as well as Western European languages. You can test Zega Text downloading the free trial font in Semibold version (TT only). This trial file supports only Western languages.

These fonts will join-as-you-type in your OpenType application as shown in the posters above. Choose Use Contextual Alternates option in your app to get basic recommended baseline joins for teaching. Additionally, use can choose from 7 Stylistic Sets of alternative letterforms that are so important for Teachers. Create ‘pen lifts’ anytime too! Fonts display unjoined by default on this website and are delivered that way - joining is controlled by your application. Free to download resources Stylistic Sets and how to access the alternative letters feature in these OpenType fonts Purchasers of this font package may use their Order Number to receive a free Copybook PDF by Rosemary Sassoon recommended for effective teaching

Parfumerie Script is a sophisticated calligraphic font defined by its smooth curves, clean lines and the finest of fine strokes. Graceful and refined in its most basic script form, a range of Swash and Decorative alternates (including a unique local style called Filete Porteño, an ornamental form native to Buenos Aires) allows users to elevate their designs to higher levels of aesthetic beauty and elegance. Parfumerie Script Pro contains over 2500 glyphs, among which are swashes, ornaments and decorative alternates. Some alternatives are offered separately too. Use professional software that widely support Open Type features. Otherwise, you may not have access to some glyphs. For further information about features and alternates, see the User Guide

The English typographer Robert Harling created Tea Chest in 1939 with the Stephenson Blake foundry. Today, this classic design is available in digital format from Linotype GmbH. Tea Chest is a bold stencil face. The font's narrow letters are all caps, and they sport small, slab serifs. Harling's design was most likely reminiscent of the old industrial lettering painted onto boxes and wooden crates that used to be shipped all over the world on the high seas. These letters had to be simple to reproduce, easy to read, and not take up too much space! Try out Tea Chest for large signage displays, on exotic product packaging, or in magazine or newsletter headlines.

Reverie is a cheerful band of letters that bounce across the page and get together to create words in four weights. Generous spacing and a modest x-height project an airy typeface that's open but not frail. Quirky without being too whimsical. Use the regular weight for surprisingly readable text or put the light and heavy weights to use for decorative headlines and titles. Reverie OT is the follow-up to the popular Reverie. This version comes loaded with new features: ligatures, small caps, swash caps, a larger numeral set, more language glyphs, and a fourth, heavy weight. This all adds up to a vastly more functional and flexible family of fonts.

Motoring at top speed calls for your own high-performance machine and a special racetrack font to run it on. Speedway was built with blacktop smooth caps to ease you through those short and dangerous curves. And its sleek, aerodynamic lowercase linking makes getting your speedy cruiser to the checkered flag a breeze. Developed in typeface alley for discriminating designers. And for the more adventurous, Speedway SG is now available in the OpenType Std format. Some new characters have been added to this OpenType version. Advanced features currently work in Adobe Creative Suite InDesign, Creative Suite Illustrator, and Quark XPress 7. Check for OpenType advanced feature support in other applications as it gradually becomes available with upgrades.