Though Zigarre can easily be categorized a brush script, Jim Rimmer actually drew it using a big marker. Jim’s original face, inspired by inter-war German poster lettering, was a rough one, with the marker’s juicy ink roughing it out all over the place. The smooth version, Zigarre Script, was produced as part of a major update and remastering the design underwent in 2012. Both Zigarre Script and Zigarre Rough come with extended Latin language support, as well as a few built-in stylistic alternates. 20% of this font’s revenues will be donated to a GDC scholarship fund, supporting higher typography education in Canada.

Arp is a neo-grotesk type system exploring the relations between contrast, functionality, and graphic character in one family. This typography comes in 5 different weights including fine strokes with inverted contrast (20), a sharp sans serif (80), and a high contrast heavyweight (240). Moreover, its design is formed by short ascenders and descenders aiming higher legibility, ink traps for display-functional purposes, and includes a wide range of icons, arrows, and symbols which allow creating consistent compositions in digital and print designs. All styles of 640 characters include a display weight with geometric and glyphic style alternates, which expand the proprieties and versatility of the system.

Fujiwara "A" for sharp contrast neo grotesk & Fujiwara "B" for Display Rounded counterforms is a typeface by WT, these elements plus its aligned counters are Fujiwara's main features. Fujiwara is also the result of studying the proportions of modern Swiss typefaces adding a personal touch to create a versatile and stylized font suitable for all kinds of compositions. Fujiwara includes 20 styles plus 2 VARIABLE FONTS. The slanted versions were very carefully drawn and corrected, it also has a variable option and many open type features like fractions, special numbers, tabular lining numbers, case sensitive forms, standard and discretionary ligatures, emojis, arrows, carefully aligned case-sensitive accents, stylistic alternates, and more.

A thin Roman typeface with slab serifs shown in various editions of the American Type Founders’ Specimen Book as either Lining Antique or Lining Central Antique was the model for Specimen Book JNL which is available in both regular and oblique versions. This is the 1700th design released by Jeff Levine Fonts since its inception in January, 2006 and was named Specimen Book JNL to celebrate the era when metal type and letterpress were the modern technology of their time.

Protest is inspired by protest posters and the power of the people! Each glyph is written by hand with a Sharpie® Magnum marker on big sheets of paper. It is designed to fit more into the poster and still be legible for the media from a block away. It's bold, slightly condensed, and neatly drawn with love and conviction, with the warm imperfection that comes from being hand drawn. Protest consists of over 1,430 glyphs. This includes 300 alphanumeric glyphs with 3 contextual alternates each, 20 stylistic alternate glyphs, and 20 protest themed dingbats. Contextual alternates will rotate through automatically when OpenType features are enabled, giving it more human irregularity. Protest supports 219 latin-based languages, using Underware’s Latin Plus glyph set.

Kinetika is a geometric sans serif family that comes in 20 weights, including uprights and matching italics. The idea behind Kinetika was to create a very impactful display type family that would be perfect for branding — to do so it needed to have large x-height, distinctive and legible letterforms as well as friendly characters. In summary the font family is ideal for a variety of cases including advertising, branding, motion design, editorial, packaging and most importantly websites. Each font features 800+ finely crafted glyphs, smart quotes, tabular figures, beautiful old-style figures, over 20 stylistic sets made to ease your typesetting process as well as subscripts, superscripts, fractions, and more. Language support is quite extensive, including Cyrillic and extended Latin alphabets, with over 125+ languages supported.

Gioviale is a unique hybrid that seamlessly blends an italic and script typeface with flair and elegance, and carryies just a hint of tailored and clean, structured underpinnings. Its versatility is exemplified in its greater readability at small sizes compared to other scripts. Gioviale includes an entire set of alternate swash caps, 20 ornaments, 20 discretionary ligatures, and 300 swashes, which include a standard uppercase set for more traditional text settings, and a swash uppercase set which are even more flourished. See what’s included! http://bit.ly/2bUXDcH *NOTE* Basic versions DO NOT include swashes, alternates or ornaments These fonts have been specially coded for access of all the swashes, alternates and ornaments without the need for professional design software! Info and instructions here: http://lauraworthingtontype.com/faqs/

Part pirate, part BBQ, all fun. Our new adventure inspired retro showcard font. Outpost was inspired by retro hand-lettered type used on vintage movie tiles, midnight movie posters, and pulp adventure magazines. But don't let that limit your creativity. Part pirate, part BBQ, all fun. Outpost is perfect for gaming titles, casual food packaging, and of course, Halloween projects.

2015 First Prize TipoType award. Neftali is a type family designed for continuous reading in long texts & editorial design, created as an interpretation of Pablo Neruda’s “Poema 20”. This work delivers a subtle experimentation of Baroque and Roman styles, rescuing features from some of the most successful chilean typefaces such as “Australis”, “Berenjena” and “Biblioteca”, along with its particular calligraphic details, medium weights, accentuated strokes, and wide curves that seek to project Pablo Neruda’s particular way of reciting. This typeface contains uppercase, lowercase, small caps, oldstyle, and tabular numbers; in addition to a true italic for every weight; and calligraphic details designed to compose his poems. A typography to talk about everything, except love… (Special thanks to: Francisco Gálvez & Patricio Truenos; without the help of the latter, this project wouldn’t have had an ending)

Longa Iberica is a serif typeface inspired by ancient scripts (Visisigothic, Proto-Gothic, Gothic). It has a long ascender and descender, small x-height and low-profile lining figures. Include automatic ligature creation, stylistic alternates and historical letterforms, lining and oldstyle numerals, fractions, Roman numerals adjusted to figure height (lining and oldstyle) and ordinal letters. Character set contains the complete Unicode Latin 1252 (Western European; ANSI), 1250 Latin 2 (Central European), 1254 Turkish, 1257 Baltic. Supported OpenType features: Acces All Alternates, Alternative Fractions, Capital Spacing, Case-Sensitive Forms, Contextual Alternates, Contextual Swash, Fractions, Historical Forms, Kerning, Lining Figures, Localized Forms, Oldstyle Figures, Ordinals, Proportional Figures, Slashed Zero, Stylistic Alternates, Stylistic Set (1-20), Superscript, Swash, Tabular Figures. Kerning is prepared as single ('flat') table for maximum possible compatibility with older software.

Balogent is a elegant script with a new lovely stylish, a perfection style of the letters you want to use, modern handwriting with many alternatives. Now this is an opentype! It's smart and in line with your wishes! You are welcome to use it, suitable for various purposes: logo, signatures, corporate symbol, wedding invitation, title, creative, t-shirt, business card, letterhead, nameplate, headings, label, poster, news, badge, letterhead, cutting, hot stamping, quotation, etc. Thanks !

England's own Sean Phillips wanted a lettering font to suit his distinctive work with Joe Casey on WILDCATS -- and we gave it to him! Of course, the tricky bit was working on Sean's Northern accent, and making sure that every time words like color, favorite and neighborhood popped up, the letter "u" was correctly inserted. Sean's font has now undergone months of Beta testing and is now ready for release to the public. Yes, Sean Phillips, your favourite British Master of Comic Book Art is coming to a neighbourhood near you soon -- now in Full Colour!

The new distressed typewriter font Ollivette is inspired by a beatnik poet sitting on a beach in Mexico pecking away at his brand new, imported, Italian portable typewriter in 1954. That's where the basic letterforms for this font hearken from. The grungey patina has been added over the years and is now available for you to download in font format. If you prefer the basic TrueType or PostScript versions, you'll enjoy a new standard retro typewriter style. Users of the advanced OpenType features will appreciate stylistic alternates for almost every letter, and contextual alternates for a randomizing organic effect. Support for Western & Central Europe? Yeah! We put that in there, too. So go global, and go vintage, here's a classic new type for you.

We have been in lockdown for a long time now. The schools were also closed, meaning my kids had to stay at home. This week the schools reopened (not a day too soon!), which means my kids can play with their friends again and learn something too! My wife and I pack their lunchboxes every day and always add some fruit for snack time. That fruity snack inspired me to create this rather messy font! Fruity Snack is a handmade display font. It looks wobbly, comes with awkward angles and rough bits. It also comes with extensive language support (including Vietnamese) and 2 sets of alternates for the lower case letters.

Get ready to be bold and elegant at the same time. It’s time to see Wildrace, a display font created in capital letters with the racing theme. The font’s character is the thick letters formed similar to rectangles to give strong impressions. Therefore, it will be more noticeable and match the large-sized texts. Wildrace also provides interesting features to enjoy. Features: Multilingual Supports PUA Encoded Numerals and Punctuation Use Wildrace for any design projects such as posters, banners, logos, book covers, headings, printed products, merchandise, social media, etc. Find out more ways to use this font by taking a look at the font preview. Purchase now. Happy designing.

Originally ZionTrain was built as a (probably first in Cyrillic!) navigation typeface for the Kharkiv identity project and Kharkiv subway and airport navigation systems. We wanted comprehensible, distinctive letterforms, that can help everybody on the way from Babylon to Zion. The project was used in Kharkiv promotion at homeland and abroad, but was rejected by the new government. As a corporate typeface it was used for a few cultural projects. Now it is equipped with Slavic Cyrillic and Monotonic Greek and has special Stencil faces especially for low-budget navigations (don't forget to get your own Stencil Medium for free!).

I spend a lot of time following two obsessions: packaging and hand lettering. Alongside a few other minor obsessions, those two have been my major ones for so many years now, I've finally reached the point where I can actually claim them as “obsessions” without getting a dramatic reaction from the little voice in the back of my head. When you spend so much time researching and studying a subject, you become very focused, directionally and objectively. But of course some of the research material you run into turns out to be tangential to whatever your focus happens to be at the time, so you absorb what you can from it, then shelf it — like the celebrity bobblehead that amused you for a while, but is now an almost invisible ornament eating dust and feathers somewhere in your environment. And just like the bobblehead may fall off the shelf one day to remind you of its existence, some of my lettering research material unveiled itself in my head one day for no particular reason. Hand lettering is now mostly perceived as an American art. Someone with my historical knowledge about lettering may be snooty enough to go as far as pointing out the British origins of almost everything American, including lettering — but for the most part, the contemporary perspective associates great lettering with America. The same perspective also associates blackletter, gothics and sans serifs with Germany. So you can imagine my simultaneous surprise and impatience when, in my research for one of my American lettering-based fonts, I ran into a German lettering book from 1953, by an artist called Bentele. It was no use for me because it didn't propel my focus at that particular time, but a few months ago I was marveling at what we take for granted — the sky is blue, blackletter is German, lettering is American — and found myself flipping through the pages of that book again. The lettering in that book is upbeat and casual sign making stuff, but it has a slightly strange and youthful experimentation at its heart. I suppose I find it strange because it deviates a lot from the American stuff I'm used to working with for so long now. To make a long story short, what’s inside that German book served as the semilla, which is Spanish for seed, for the typeface you see all over these pages. With Semilla, my normal routine went out the window. My life for a while was all Bezier all the time. No special analog or digital brushes or pens were used in drawing these forms. They're the product of a true Bezier process, all starting with a point creating a curve to another point, which draws a curve to another point, and so on. It’s a very time-consuming process, but at the end I am satisfied that it can get to pretty much the same results easier and more traditional methods accomplish. And as usual with my fonts, the OpenType is plenty and a lot of fun. Experimenting with substitution and automation is still a great pleasure for me. It is the OpenType that always saves me from the seemingly endless work hours every type designer must inevitably have to face at one point in his career. The artful photos used in this booklet are by French photographer and designer Stéphane Giner. He is very deserving of your patronage, so please keep an eye out for his marvelous work. I hope you like Semilla and enjoy using it. I have a feeling that it marks a transition to a more curious and flexible period in my career, but only time will tell.

The handwritten cursive by the famous Italian Casanova has inspired Petra Beiße to design a new script, the “Casanova Script Pro”, with a complement of over 1400 characters and symbols. “Petras Script”, the first digital script font created by the calligrapher Petra Beiße, has, for many years, met with worldwide success. Petra Beiße has resided for a long time in Wiesbaden, Germany, where she is working as a renowned calligrapher. It is rare that any of her scripts are transferred into digital format and sold worldwide as fonts. Because “Petras Script” became such a huge success, she decided to release this new design for digitization. Under the guidance of Günther Flake, Jessica Franke enlarged this font to contain over 1400 characters. Further information about Petra Beiße and her present workshops can be found under www.handlettering.de.

The handwritten cursive by the famous Italian Casanova has inspired Petra Beiße to design a new script, the “Casanova Script Pro”, with a complement of over 1400 characters and symbols. “Casanova Script Regular” is the basic version of this font with a reduced West-Layout. “Petras Script”, the first digital script font created by the calligrapher Petra Beiße, has, for many years, met with worldwide success. Petra Beiße has resided for a long time in Wiesbaden, Germany, where she is working as a renowned calligrapher. It is rare that any of her scripts are transferred into digital format and sold worldwide as fonts. Because “Petras Script” became such a huge success, she decided to release this new design for digitization. Further information about Petra Beiße and her present workshops can be found under www.handlettering.de.

Linotype Bengali, a revival This project by Neelakash Kshetriymayum and Fiona Ross commissioned by Monotype is at heart a revival of the now ubiquitous original Linotype Bengali typeface designed by Tim Holloway and Fiona Ross (1978-1982) based on Ross’s research for her doctoral studies in Indian Palaeography. The new Linotype Bengali is informed by more recent research by Ross and Kshetrimayum resulting in additional glyphs that serve contemporary needs in a variety of genres – the original had been specifically designed for newspaper composition and in now outdated digital formats. The new design makes use of OpenType features with the employment of contextual vowel signs for Bengali – a feature that Ross and Holloway had first introduced in Indian scripts for the Adobe Devanagari typeface – and has sophisticated contextual mark positioning. Furthermore, whereas the original design had existed in only two typestyles, extensive work has been undertaken to produce this new design in 5 weights: Light, Regular, Medium, Bold and Black. It has been an important aspect of this project to remain true to the original design concepts, and so to achieve optimal readability for sustained reading at small type-sizes, but the additional weights enable differentiation in document design, and afford users scope to produce textural variety in their outputs. This revival design is intended to widen the hitherto very limited palette of typographic choices in the field of textual communication in Bengali, Assamese and other languages that make use of the Bengali script.

Negative sans-serif capitals in squares with rounded corners, looking like tiles, pushbuttons or computer keys. The font can be used for logos, signs and labels, and for markings on maps and charts.

Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language, usually classified into the Italic subgroup, that was spoken by the Veneti people in ancient times in northeast Italy (Veneto and Friuli) and part of modern Slovenia, between the Po Delta and the southern fringe of the Alps, associated with the Este culture.[3][1][4] The language is attested by over 300 short inscriptions dating from the 6th to the 1st century BCE. Its speakers are identified with the ancient people called Veneti by the Romans and Enetoi by the Greeks. It became extinct around the 1st century when the local inhabitants assimilated into the Roman sphere. Inscriptions dedicating offerings to Reitia are one of the chief sources of knowledge of the Venetic language

I’m here for you with my new colored font Curled Corner! Alphabet made of letters with curled corner. It’s looks like negative space style icons. Colorful gradient note paper. Modern clean vector origami font for your stickers, crypto app, nft identity, and tags. All the letters in this font are colored brightly and vividly with corner overlay. --- *You can use color fonts in PS since CC 2017, AI since CC 2018, ID since CC 2019, QuarkXPress since 2018, Pixelmator, Sketch, Affinity Designer Since macOS 10.14 Mojave, Paint.NET Windows only.* *Please note that the Canva doesn't support color fonts!* --- What's included? * Colored and B&W styles * A-Z & Numbers * BONUS icon (ligature) set If you have any questions or issues, please contact me: kaer.pro@gmail.com Best, Roman.

This monospaced version of Galix was commissioned in 2037 by the space exploration company Earth2, as part of a major overhaul of their branding, which had used, since 2021, a generic sans serif (much like every other company). Many specialists in both design and space exploration suggested that this very rebrand started a chain of events that concluded with the invention of time travel in 2041. Contrary to the perceived notion put forward in popular Science Fiction, time travel is only (as of now) possible in the digital realm. It was considered fitting that included among the first files sent back in time should be the Galix Mono typeface, which was remade in OTF format to ensure that it would work with the technology available in 2019. Earth2, for all their insight, did not foresee that the release of the typeface in September of 2019, would lessen the impact of their rebrand. What kind idiots would rebrand a forward looking company with a font that was, by then, almost 18 years old? The subsequent lacklustre response to the redesign didn’t inspire the tidal wave of R&D funding Earth2 had anticipated, and the company went into administration in the summer of 2039, having never invented the time travel which made the release of Galix Mono in 2019 possible. Experts believe that the files sent back in time, although their very sending made it impossible for them to be sent, remained as “time relics” of the future that might have been.

🔥 NEW UPDATE - Uppercase characters are now included for the Wild Star blackletter font. Along with 11 new 'flourished' lowercase characters, and 8 new fun icons - that's 45 new glyphs in total! Wild Star is a font duo not to be tamed – this pairing of modern blackletter font & unrestrained script font aren’t afraid to make your message heard loud & clear. It’s a bold choice for merchandise, album artwork, logo designs, quotes & more. This family contains; Wild Star • A modern blackletter font containing upper and lowercase characters, plus numerals and a full range of punctuation. There are 17 alternate stylistic versions for letters g, l, y, p, k, f, h, n, t, m, b, r, h, j which contain a bottom or top flourish. To access these, simply turn on 'Stylistic Alternates', or access them via a Glyphs panel. Type the following characters to generate one of 8 fun icons { } [ ] ( ) . (The standard versions of these characters can be found in the Glyphs panel). Wild Star Outline • A second version of the Wild Star font with an outline effect added. Wild Star Script • A rough, hand-scratched font containing 2 sets of uppercase characters, numerals and a full set of punctuation. Simply turn your caps lock on & off to switch between the 2 sets of characters. Language Support • All Wild Star fonts support the following languages; English, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Indonesian, Malay, Hungarian, Polish, Croatian, Turkish, Romanian, Czech, Latvian, Lithuanian, Slovak, Slovenian

The main 20-th century handwritten display font in the USSR, usually performed with a flat brush or a wide poster pen for all kinds of signage during 1920-1990s. It had also many analogues in other countries, but never was that popular as in the Soviet Union, used everywhere.

Beauties Bright allows you to make handwriting that looks fresher, both quickly and easily. Beauties Bright includes Stylistic Alternates for lowercase and uppercase characters. It is suitable for a variety of texts in your writing and also includes more than 20 swashes that allow your handwritten text to look more amazing.

The Balistine font, a combination of modern and slightly taking elements of 80s era in some lowercase curves such as "a b d q w and there are several alternative letters found in Balistine. By carrying a weight of 20 Balistine can easily be used for wider exploration. Let's start design.

Jvne77 Studio presents: Cittá Novela is an upright typeface family inspired by vintage architecture from the mid 20's to the 60's. A classy and didonesque streamlined sans which will perfectly set in a poor line space for Titling and text. Multilingual, diacritics, ligatures and alternates for near 570 glyphes.

Ambergate is a new typeface family redolent of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It’s a display family of four small capitals roman faces, incised and elaborated with filigree scrollwork. The four typefaces which comprise the family recapture the elegance of traditional flourished sign writing and make and provide ideal lettering for period inspired design work such as posters, signage and book covers.

This is the redrawn and expanded version of an alphabet Rebecca Alaccari made back in 2009 as a bespoke font for a tourism agency looking to recapture the appeal of New Orleans after the hurricane Katrina disaster robbed it of its core industries. The brief back then was to "revive the unique spirit of what always made Nola great for new adults, which is the excellent combination of history, romance, food and music." No word of a lie, the brief actually contained "new adults." Storyville contains two interchangeable sets of forms drawn in the doodly, loose and organic way now conspicuously popular with today's young designers, almost every one of whom thinks they will get to design something for a boutique coffee bar somewhere. Well, this whole thing perhaps means freedom, youth, fun, happiness, good stuff like that. But just in case, a little caution doesn't hurt: Use this font only if you know what you're doing. We don't want to go back to the 1990s. Please. We were nearly done for by that exposure the first time around. The ligatures feature in this font does some pseudo-randomization, so the forms in doubled letters don't repeat. Serious fun can be had by also applying the stylistic alternates feature, or picking a letter in the middle of a setting and disabling the ligatures feature. Or various sequences of all that. If you don't like any of that stuff, just forget about it. Uh, wutever.

Fonts are Inhuman and Human Fonts are IN! Now, the Comicraft Cybernetics Corporation is proud to announce the first in a new line of fonts with GFP... Genuine Font Personalities. Paranoid Android is an outer alloy, inner void, solitary solenoid GFP prototype -- you can tell, can't you? Finally a font that knows its place as a digital servant to the human race. What will Comicraft think of next? No, don't bother to answer that, Comicraftsmen are fifty thousand times more intelligent than you and even they don't know the answer. Warning: Nothing left to be enjoyed, every diode rheumatoid*, terminally Paranoid Android is not so much a font, and more a kind of electronic sulking device. Share and Enjoy! *The moving parts on the left side of this font are in a solid state. It may sit in a corner and rust, or just fall apart where it's standing.

For this Byzantine Empire calligraphy font, I had to work for 2 weeks and 3-4 hours a day and search the internet. It made me very tired, but I finally finished it, and it was good. This font can use both latin keyboard and greek keyboard. I also added Greek unicode characters. I will adapt this font to the latin alphabet, I will make the full character set font, this will take less time. I wish you good work.

ASF Diana is a Serif family font. It has 5 upright weights and their Italics and supports Latin, Armenian and Cyrillic alphabet systems. The weights from Regular to Bold and their Italics can be used as text fonts. ASF Diana can be used as Display fonts too. It is an easily readable two side serif font and the eyes don't get tired while reading. ASF Diana has a contrast style and at the same time is quite bright and clear.

Das Riese, a type specimen by the most productive Brazilian type foundry, Intellecta Design, is a mix of victorian and art deco influences. A beautiful display type for tiling with uppercases only. It's shadows and volumes refer to pre-modern age whereas its surface to last century 20's. This heavy sans serif strokes characters have a particular appearance, a parallel line texture that reminds Bifur, typeface created in 1929 by A. M. Cassandre. The sideways absence of volume at some leaning letters right side in addition to the patchy darkness of shadows support its handmade design. A type full of historical references designed to small titles printed in big sizes. It's impossible not to think about posters when you look at Das Riese strong face. - (source Slanted Magazine #8)

For some time, Eric de Berranger had wanted to create a distressed typeface design - one that gave the appearance of antique printing and showed signs of wear, yet was still highly readable. He was busy designing a new face called Maxime, when an idea struck: I realized that I could use these lettershapes as the basis for my antique typeface," he says. The two faces ended up being designed in tandem. While ITC Oldbook clearly captures the flavor of aged, uneven and imperfect printing, it also meets de Berranger's goal of being exceptionally readable in text sizes. Beginning with well-drawn characters was the key, and these were carefully modeled into the distressed forms. "The process was more difficult than I originally thought," says de Berranger. "The antique letters had to be tested and modified several times to work correctly." ITC Oldbook elegantly simulates antique printing in both text and display sizes. And while stroke weights are uneven and curves are irregular, the design has remarkably even color when set in blocks of text copy. Add to this the design's inherent legibility, and ITC Oldbook acquires a range far beyond replication of things old; it's suitable for any project that calls for warm and weathered typography. ITC Oldbook is available in roman and bold weights with complementary italic designs. Small caps, old style figures and a suite of alternate characters and ornaments provide additional flexibility and personality to the design."

Vertrina marries four virtues: elegance, simplicity, character and usefulness. It started as an idea to combine two things: the elegance of classical Roman typefaces and of classical Roman architecture. The result is that rarest of all things - a truly new face that is elegant yet characterful but not so obtrusive as to be restricted to display work. All the faces' uprights mirror the elegant taper of Roman columns, as used in the most simple and elegant form of Roman architecture. The serifs are a subtle shape that mirrors the pediments and corbels of that same order of architecture. Vertrina is a family of eight faces, four upper and lower case faces, suitable for the elegant setting out of text, and four small capitals faces ideal for headings and titles. You'll find regular and bold weights and normal and condensed width, as well as a range of Opentype ligatures. All faces are offered individually and in family groups. Bring some simple elegance to your work.

IT’S MAILBAG TIME! Dear Jolly JG Roshell and Rascally Richard Starkings, Comicraft Fonts are a thing of Beauty and a Joy Forever! You guys must be a Wild Bunch, and I roar with delight whenever a new comicbookfonts release appears in my emailbox. But I have to level with you daredevils...what about us Letterhacks? We need representation too! We haven’t spent years hammering away on our typewriters to be ignored! BRING BACK THE LETTER HACK! In fearless font form. You know it makes sense! Truly Yours, Forbush, Irving, senior.