Belinsky is a monospace sans serif typeface inspired by early 20th century geometric sans serifs, architectural letterings, and retro video games to some extent. Its exaggerated proportions and sharp details appear less harsh thanks to the corner rounding. It is comprised of a standard and text families, and the latter is especially suited for small text and programming, with wider spacing and more centralised gravity of certain letters like E. It still gives your codes a lot of personality. The typeface name is a reference to the designer�s favourite animated film, American Pop.

Belinsky is a monospace sans serif typeface inspired by early 20th century geometric sans serifs, architectural letterings, and retro video games to some extent. Its exaggerated proportions and sharp details appear less harsh thanks to the corner rounding. It is comprised of a standard and text families, and the latter is especially suited for small text and programming, with wider spacing and more centralised gravity of certain letters like E. It still gives your codes a lot of personality. The typeface name is a reference to the designer�s favourite animated film, American Pop.

Compliments was inspired by a few hand-lettered words on a 1930s brochure by Western Union entitled “The Yellow Blank is Correct for Every Social Need.” It is now available in OpenType format with contextual alternates for a better script effect.

Vintage sheet music for a song from the Broadway Musical “Kiss Me Kate” is the inspiration for Katydid JNL. The play’s name was written in a ball-and-line type of lettering which somewhat resembles either 'Tinker Toys' or celestial mapping.

Smashed Typeface is a reversed-contrast, slab serif, display font. Was inspired by the old west days that we can often see in printing, circus posters and wanted notices in western movies, even tho the style was really used in many parts of the world during that period. This style is sometimes called as "circus letter" too. Was designed to have a modern look, using straighter lines and an extended style, can be used on various situations like posters, logos for restaurants, alternative business like an old washing station (as you can see on the next images), music bands etc. I believe that is a promising typography that can be used by various designers in a lot of diverse project. It counts with 226 multi language characters, one weight on version 1.0, on a next version I hope to take this project to another level, creating a variable typeface from condensed to really extended weights. It would complete this typography and eliminate the limits of use.

Hoyle is a dynamic high-quality serif typeface. Drawn and created by Måns Grebäck between 2019 and 2020, this classic design makes use of the fact that timelessness is the best manner to achieve modernity; the letters are of such composition that they will always be simultaneously contemporary and traditional. Hoyle is a family containing five weights: Thin, Light, Medium, Bold and Black. Each weight is also provided as Italic, resulting in 10 unique styles. The weights are harmonic and created to balance perfectly agaist each other. Try the included Variable Font! A format where you can set any weight manually, and any slant, resulting in more than 5000 variations. More info: https://www.mansgreback.com/variable-fonts This slab serif typeface is also filled with OpenType features such as ligatures, alternates, oldstyle, superscript, subscript, fractional and alternate numbers. It has a very extensive lingual support, covering European Latin, Vietnamese, Zulu and many more scripts. The font contains all characters you'll ever need, including all punctuation and numbers.

Texicali is a multiple weight type design based on our FontMesa logo. The idea was simple: create a sans serif with a few slab serifs added resulting in a style that could feel at home just about anywhere. The regular/standard set works well for general use while the Alt set is perfect for when you want to add a little country charm. The Alt set has a few additional alternate letters built in which are easily accessed using Adobe Creative Suite products such as Illustrator and In Design. The X version, with its higher x-height lowercase, is ideal for signage where you want the look of a lowercase, however your sign still needs to be readable from the street. Larger x-heights also come in handy for web use helping to make the text more readable on smaller devices. The price of font styles are subject to change without notice.

This 12-font family employs several unique features including a 2-part Chisel set which allows for the look of stone incised lettering. Hedonic has just a hint of a slab serif and even that is used so sparingly that it almost feels like a sans serif font. Its design does appear to be painfully simple but there are many interesting features including a selection of weights, small caps with old style numerals and display weights that make it very useful. And legible. Old style numerals are included with the small caps and italics. Also for display purposes are two "Chisel" fonts. Used together, set one on top of the other, they create a stylish 3D effect—ideal for logos and headlines or anything that needs a strong graphic punch. Hedonic may not be as eccentric as many fonts out there, but overall it is clean and legible with a few extra flourishes to stand out from the crowd!

Publica Sans is a clean geometric typeface, equipped with a variety of OpenType features to give you all you need for great typography: Alternates, arrows, rare currency symbols, case sensitive forms, various sets of figures and discretionary ligatures. Publica Sans has two sisters: Publica Play and Publica Slab Take a close look at our gallery (especially ‘OpenType Features 1–6’) to discover the versatility of Publica Sans. Alternates Give your typography a certain spin with the variety of alternate letters provided. Currency You need to set prices in exotic countries? No problem: Publica Sans gives you loads of rare currency symbols. Case Sensitive Forms Sometimes you write in all caps and there are some symbols (e.g. brackets) that need some extra treatment to make it look perfect – that’s what case sensitive forms are for. Figures Publica Sans provides 6 sets of figures, like lining, tabular, oldstyle, numerators ... Discretionary Ligatures Ligatures can make your logo or headline look spicy. So there are plenty of them.

Full Neue is the younger brother of original Full Sans, Full Slab and Full Tools. Ideally suited for advertising and packaging, editorial and publishing, logo, branding and creative industries, poster and billboards, small text, way-finding and signage as well as web and screen design. Full Neue provides advanced typographical support for Latin-based languages. An extended character set, supporting Central, Western and Eastern European languages, rounds up the family. The designation “Full Neue LC 50 Book” forms the central point. The first figure of the number describes the stroke thickness: 10 Thin to 90 Bold. Full Neue LC comes 5 weights and italics also Full Neue SC comes 5 weights and italics total 20 types. The family contains a set of 485 characters. Case-Sensitive Forms, Classes and Features, Small Caps from Letter Cases, Fractions, Superior, Inferior, Denominator, Numerator, Old Style Figures just one touch easy In all graphic programs. Full Neue is the perfect font for web use. You can enjoy using it.

Hasler Circus packs amusement park, Old West, folk art, and tattoo shop all into one colorful font. Characteristic of reverse-contrast faces, Hasler Circus swaps the weight of its stems and serifs creating an unexpected yet charming rhythm. The font also features an added bonus: split stroke endings to crank up the flavor. Inject a dose of novelty into toy packaging, candy wrappers, cook books, vintage signs, or festival marketing. Drawn in the 1950s for Photo-Lettering, Inc. by influential British designer and typographer Charles Hasler, Circus was digitized by Erik van Blokland in 2011, with a helping hand from Ken Barber. HASLER CIRCUS CREDITS: Typeface Design: Charles Hasler Typeface Digitization: Erik van Blokland, Ken Barber Typeface Production: Ben Kiel Like all good subversives, House Industries hides in plain sight while amplifying the look, feel and style of the world’s most interesting brands, products and people. Based in Delaware, visually influencing the world.

YR Basma is a slab serif font that is renowned for its bold and distinctive appearance, which is designed to create a powerful impact. It is characterized by its strong and striking letterforms, with bold and thick strokes that give it an intense and impactful look. The font is also highly legible, with a focus on clear and easy-to-read letterforms that are meticulously crafted to balance visual weight and vertical alignment. YR Basma is ideal for a broad range of design projects that require a robust and striking visual presence, such as headlines, posters, packaging, and branding. It boasts a comprehensive set of glyphs, including both upper and lowercase letters, numerals, and symbols, making it highly versatile and adaptable to diverse design needs. YR Basma font offers a bold and commanding aesthetic, while maintaining excellent legibility and clarity of letterforms. Its powerful design makes it an excellent choice for various design projects where a strong and dominant visual presence is desired.

Banished was inspired by posters for the 1968 Cult Cinema Classic, “Astro Zombies”, but it exudes the rough and tumble, chewed up and spit out Old West era. Banished dives head first into all of the nostalgic clichés of the old west, as well as the cult classic that inspired it. Here's what's included with Banished: 388 glyphs - including Capitals, Lowercase (Alt. Capitals), Numerals, Alt. Numerals, Punctuation and an extensive character set that covers multilingual support of latin based languages. (see the 6th graphic for a preview of the characters included) Contextual Alternates that auto-switches between Capitals & Lowercase (Alt Capitals) glyphs, as well as Numerals and Alt Numerals for visual randomness. To access the Contextual Alternates feature, you will need to be using software with Opentype compatibility otherwise you can access the alternate glyphs via a Glyphs panel. Stylistic Alternates feature that swaps all default Numerals with their Alternates Numerals Font is provided in TTF & OTF formats. The TTF format is the standard go to for most users, although the OTF and TTF function exactly the same. Here's why Banished is for you: You're in need of a good rustic slab serif typestyle with a narrow width and gritty feel You're planning a Western themed party and need a unique western typeface You're a fan of the 1968 Cult Classic "Astro Zombies" as just have to have the font to match You've got one of those Old West photography studios and need a great Wanted poster font You just like to collect quality fonts to add to your design arsenal

Introducing Lonely Moon - Handmade typeface - 3 fonts Lonely Moon is handwritten and retro slab serif typeface loaded with 3 fonts, alternate, ligature glyphs and multilingual support to enchant your next project. Very versatile fonts that works great in large and small sizes. Lonely Moon is perfect for branding projects, home-ware designs, product packaging, magazine headers - or simply as a stylish text overlay to any background image. Language Support Afrikaans, Albanian, Asu, Basque, Bemba, Bena, Breton, Chiga, Colognian, Cornish, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Embu, English, Estonian, Faroese, Filipino, Finnish, Frenc,h Friulian, Galician, Ganda, German, Gusii, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Jola-Fonyi, Kabuverdianu, Kalenjin, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kinyarwanda, Latvian, Lithuanian, Lower Sorbian, Luo, Luxembourgish, Luyia, Machame, Makhuwa-Meetto, Makonde, Malagasy, Maltese, Manx, Mer,u Morisyen, North Ndebele, Norwegian, Bokmål, Norwegian, Nynorsk, Nyankole, Oromo, Polish, Portuguese, Quechua, Romanian, Romansh, Rombo, Rundi, Rwa, Samburu, Sango, Sangu, Scottish, Gaelic, Sena, Shambala, Shona, Slovak, Soga, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Swiss German, Taita, Teso, Turkish, Upper Sorbian, Uzbek (Latin), Volapük, Vunjo, Walser, Welsh, Western Frisian, Zulu FEATURES 3 styles Uppercase, lowercase, numeral, punctuation & Symbol Multilingual support - 87 languages alternate glyphs ligature glyphs How to access alternate glyphs? To access alternate glyphs in Adobe InDesign or Illustrator, choose Window Type & Tables Glyphs In Photoshop, choose Window Glyphs. In the panel that opens, click the Show menu and choose Alternates for Selection. Double-click an alternate's thumbnail to swap them out. Feel free to contact me if you have any questions! Mock ups and backgrounds used are not included. Thank you! Enjoy!

Hand Of Sean was created from the designer's own handwriting in 2008 for a personal project, but was made available to the public and quickly became very popular. The font was updated in 2013 with redrawn glyphs, improved spacing, better kerning and OpenType features. NEW OpenType features: if you type two of the same letter, the font will automatically substitute with two slightly different characters to make the font look more natural. This also happens with words containing the same vowel either side of a consonant, such as ‘solo’ or ‘data’. Please note that OpenType features are only available in programs that support them, such as Illustrator, Indesign, Quark or Photoshop.

Bodrum Collection: 1- Bodrum Sans 2- Bodrum Sweet 3- Bodrum Stencil 4- Bodrum Slab 5- Bodrum Styte 6- Bodrum Soft "Bodrum Sweet" is a sans serif type family. Designed by Bülent Yüksel in 2018/19. The font, influenced by style serifs, popular in the 1920s and 30s, is based on optically corrected geometric forms for better readability. "Bodrum Sweet" is not purely geometric; it has vertical strokes that are thicker than the horizontals, an “o” that is not a perfect circle, and shortened ascenders. "Bodrum Sweet" some corner is rounded. These nuances aid in legibility and give "Bodrum Sweet" a harmonious and sensible appearance for both texts and headlines. Bodrum Sweet provides advanced typographical support for Latin-based languages. An extended character set, supporting Central, Western and Eastern European languages, rounds up the family. The designation “Bodrum Sweet 14 Regular” forms the central point. "Bodrum Sweet" is available in 10 weights (Hair, Thin, Extra-Light, Light, Regular, Meduim, Bold, Extra-Bold, Heavy and Black) and 10 matching italics. The family contains a set of 650+ characters. Case-Sensitive Forms, Classes and Features, Small Caps from Letter Cases, Fractions, Superior, Inferior, Denominator, Numerator, Old Style Figures just one touch easy In all graphic programs. Bodrum Sweet is the perfect font for web use. You can enjoy using it.

Victorian Orchid is a gorgeous vintage flower. Victorian Orchid is a beautiful, organic serif font family available for both text and display. Its bizarre serifs for A and other diagonal letterforms came from decorative types and letterings in old Victorian era. These unusual serifs support and enhance the horizontal flow of the eyes and vertical alignments. Very eye-catching lowercase g also came from the Victorian era and this is one of the most dramatic letterform of this font. Lowercase such like n and d also have horizontal serifs which designed in the same theory. Victorian Orchid is somewhat organic, humanistic and soft-impression font like Transitional Serif as typified by Times New Roman. But at the same time, this font has horizontal serif and vertical stressed letterform like Modern Serif. They make this font sharp, handsome and neat. In addition, Victorian Orchid has low contrast and the serifs are not too flat and not too coved. By them, Victorian Orchid create strong and casual impression like Slab Serif fonts. Victorian Orchid family consist of 5 weights from Light to Bold including about 500 glyphs, international accented letters, some OpenType features. Italics are "True" italics which designed very carefully to match Romans.

Idealista directly responds to its other members, Nudista and Kulturista. It shares the same proportions and the same set of weights, yet it enriches the expression means of the two typefaces with new themes — the character set is smooth, even round, and it boasts a number of special details and perky moves. Most of all, Idealista relishes juicy magazine titles, typographic logotypes and propagandist posters. Unlike cold, technicist typefaces, it has great zest for life, so there's no wonder that in each of the letters, intuition wins over intellect. Owing to this, the text set in Idealista has a special voluptuous quality and unmistakable temperament — in a single typeface Idealista combines the best of sans-serif, slab-serif, as well as geometric and calligraphic construction principles, coming down to one impressive, expressive cocktail. Some letters have serifs, some do not, some are sharp, some are smooth, and all this results in the nice hip-hop beat of the line of text. The typeface has five weights and ten styles in total, so it can easily accommodate to the needs of complex texts, unlike many of its display counterparts. Idealista is valuable partner for the more text-suited Nudista and, if need for tiny sizes arises, to Kulturista as well.

Welcome to the world of Scradl - where fonts become the tool of the cutter and the artist at the same time. These letters, as if cut out of paper without preliminary drawings, are rough, angular and full of character. The main font is the canvas for your creativity. Additional variations add a stroke, shadow, or even a sticker effect, creating a harmonious visual interaction. Features: - Multilingual - Kerning - Ability to adapt letters to other languages

For Halloween season, we thought we'd better trundle out a nice, crude prehistoric font to meet the growing need. Paleos features many different versions of almost every character so you can give it the natural variety of lettering hand-carved by a troglodyte.

Ginseng JNL evokes the mysticism and grandeur of the Far East. The font was originally conceived as either electricity in motion or glass shards, but the design simply built itself into a typeface that pays homage to the hand lettering of the Orient.

The Posterama™ typeface family contains 63 fonts and is a true journey through space and time. Designed by Jim Ford, each Posterama family contains 7 weights from Thin to Ultra Black, in 9 distinct families. What makes Posterama so unique and versatile are the eight alternative display families. By making use of a collection of alternative glyphs, Posterama sets an evocative flavor to visualize an entire century of futuristic reference points from art, architecture, poster design and science fiction into one family. Posterama Text is the base family. It has the most robust character set including upper and lowercase glyphs and pan-European language support (including Greek and Cyrillic). Note: all the other Posterama variants described below do not have lowercase letters or Greek and Cyrillic support. Posterama 1901 recalls the decoratively geometric style of Art Nouveau from the turn of the 20th century. Letterforms such as the slender, snaking ‘S’, the high-waisted ‘E’ and the underlined ‘O’ revive the spirit of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the designers of the Viennese Secession. Posterama 1913 pays homage to the Armory Show, or 1913 Exhibition of Modern Art, which brought the revolutionary work of European artists such as Picasso, Duchamp and Kandinsky to the US for the first time to the shock and astonishment of press and public. Near-abstract, angular characters such as the ‘A’, ‘E’ and ‘N’ hint at cubism’s jagged and clashing planes. Posterama 1919 uses a small, but important, variation to set a tone when the Bauhaus was founded, and the surge in radical European typography that followed. The straight-sided, roundheaded ‘A’ adds a flavor of 1919 – this style of ‘A’ can still be seen in the Braun logo, designed in 1934. Posterama 1927 captures the year of Metropolis, The Jazz Singer and Paul Renner’s pioneering, geometric Futura typeface from 1927, which had a profound influence on design in the US and Europe. Posterama 1933 – With its low-waisted, sinuous designs, the Posterama 1933 typeface family echoes lettering of the Art Deco period, which in turn had its roots in Art Nouveau, the key influence on Posterama 1901. The two fonts make a great team and can be used interchangeably. Posterama 1945 features a few Cyrillic characters to conjure up an era when Russian art and political posters made their mark in cold war propaganda, espionage and also giant aliens and monsters. Posterama 1984 takes its typographic influences from George Orwell’s classic novel, publicity for the dystopian action and sci-fi movies (Blade Runner, Videodrome and Terminator) and games like Space Invaders and Pac-Man that made an impact at that time. Posterama 2001 was inspired by Stanley Kubrick’s science fiction masterpiece, which made extensive use of the Futura typeface. Posterama 2001 finds its cosmic orbit with its nosecone-style ‘A’ from NASA’s much-missed ‘worm’ logotype. There’s an echo, too, in Bauhaus designs from as early as 1920, whose minimalist, geometric lettering also featured a crossbar-less ‘A’.

Forbes consists of one bold weight and is an alphabet in the style of the bold English slab serifs, as made evident by its flexed serifs. This style first made its appearance in the 19th century. It was used at first only on posters but later became available in smaller point sizes and was then be used for titling and headlines. With its robust figures, Forbes should be used exclusively for these applications in middle and large point sizes.

Enzia is a friendly and flowing sans serif. Enzia exists somewhere between a slab serif and a semi-sans, and features flared vertical stems and rounded terminals. Its bulbous terminals and open counters inject a flavor of ease and excitement. Enzia provides plenty of impact and is best used with short to medium length texts. Six different weights provide plenty of versatility and contrast for poster designs, logotypes and headlines, while still retaining excellent legibility for extended copy.

This font is inspired by the compact, high-impact design aesthetic of the 1990s in Chile, which was defined by the use of very heavy fonts to create eye-catching graphic pieces. With this idea in mind, Zennat Pro was born, a “semi-slab serif” that takes advantage of OpenType features which rotate in alternate characters to best fit the design. Zennat pro comes in 10 weights, and is ideal for magazine design, motion graphics, trademarks, logos, posters, etc. ...

Introducing Mionic, An Inverted Contrast Display typeface. Mionic is combinations between the Antique of slab serif typeface with the modern look of today. Available with the new Variable type system that made you more easy to choose the weight of this fonts. Mionic Bold is Best for the Headliner, Display, Or anything with bigger typography needs with a Strong Characteristic. The thinnest one are good for more longer text because of the contrast on every characters.

Timeless Radiance is an organic font duo consist of a bold script paired with a slab serif with a touch of classic look and feel. This type of font perfectly made to be applied especially in logo, headline, signage and the other various formal forms such as invitations, labels, logos, magazines, books, greeting / wedding cards, packaging, fashion, make up, stationery, novels, labels or any type of advertising purpose. Features : Uppercase & lowercase Numbers and punctuation Alternates/Ligatures Multilingual PUA encoded

The Retrorelic perfectly represents vintage aesthetics in a contemporary script, serif and slab serif version. This Font Family consists of clean, rough and outline feature as well. The Retrorelic Font Family is perfect for designs such as the logotypes, packaging, branding, quotes, business cards and more custom design. It features uppercase, lowercase, numeral, punctuation and symbols, ligatures, stylistic alternates, multi-lingual support, and is PUA encoded. How to get access alternate glyphs from OpenType fonts Click Here

The LifeAfterCollege family began as a set of four fonts based on two styles of Ranger, which are slab-serif, geometric fonts with no curves. Two of the four are outlines with hollow insides, and two have-filled insides. The two fonts that are outlined have been taken apart and made into three typeface that can be layered. This allows one color for the inside, another for the middle ring, and a third for the outside outline.

Say hi to new member of Typoforge zoo! Gambero family consists of 18 styles (including italics) with a subtle rounded finished details. Gambero is a stable, slab cousin of Kapra, Kapra Neue adn Kapra Neue Pro. It is ideally suited for advertising, editorial and publishing, offering new design potential. Font Gambero is inspired by a "You And Me Monthly" published by National Magazines Publisher RSW "Prasa" that appeared from May 1960 till December 1973 in Poland.

The object of Grover was to join two distinctive typeface designs: the basic European gothic of the late nineteenth century and the ‘rounded’ style found in 1960s America. The result is a clear, friendly face with subtle yet unforgettable features. Named after Grover Washington, Jr., the jazz saxophone player, Grover is geometrically constructed and yet very human in appearance. Sans and slab serif variations, true italic weights, as well as small caps afford Grover versatility and unique display characteristics.

Kheops is a slab-serif style typeface, with a contemporary scent and designed for long texts, without giving up on big headlines, it is accompanied by an authentic cursive with a dynamic rhythm and a skeleton with humanist reminiscences, it also includes a set of ornaments based on in simple geometric shapes, and an extensive range of OpenType functionalities to meet the needs of the most demanding designer, an all-rounder that cannot be missing from your typographic palette.

Prumo is a new type system, based on a unique skeleton that flows, like a pendulum, from high contrast to low contrast fonts, is a sort of typographic journey, from the eighteen century typefaces to the nineteen century slab serif typefaces, gathering information from the scotch roman fonts on it's journey. Prumo is a type family with classic proportions, that takes advantage of the recent type production technology while looking carefully at the most important historical references.

The slab serif Waterloo Bold was designed by Alan Meeks. He chose unique and individual forms to give this alphabet its unmistakable character. The cross strokes of the capitals are not in the optical center, the serifs have light furrows, and the figures have a slight slant tot he right, giving this font a dynamic, flowing look. Waterloo Bold is reminiscent of cigars, whiskey and the 1930s and should be used only in headlines in large point sizes.

Prumo is a new type system, based on a unique skeleton that flows, like a pendulum, from high contrast to low contrast. It’s a sort of typographic journey, from the 18th century typefaces to the 19th century slab serif typefaces, gathering information from the Scotch Roman fonts on its journey. Prumo is a type family with classic proportions that takes advantage of the recent type production technology while looking carefully at the most important historical references.

Prumo is a new type system, based on a unique skeleton that flows, like a pendulum, from high contrast to low contrast. It’s a sort of typographic journey, from the 18th century typefaces to the 19th century slab serif typefaces, gathering information from the Scotch Roman fonts on its journey. Prumo is a type family with classic proportions that takes advantage of the recent type production technology while looking carefully at the most important historical references.

The Bilany is a font duo package contain a classic script and slab serif which looks great to be paired especially for vintage and adventure theme! This font duo is purposely made for headline, display or logotype, and the other various formal forms such as invitations, labels, logos, magazines, books, greeting / wedding cards, packaging, fashion, make up, stationery, novels, labels or any type of advertising purpose. Features : Uppercase & lowercase Numbers and punctuation Alternates & Ligatures Multilingual PUA encoded

Belle Jardin is an Art Deco inspired display family of three typefaces, offered in in-line engraved regular and demi bold forms as well as a solid bold form. It offers upper and lower case solid slab-built forms that create an immediate atmosphere of the streamline era of the thirties and are also at home in post-war revival inspired design work. The letterforms are solidly legible and ideal for cover and poster inspired design work.

Prumo is a new type system, based on a unique skeleton that flows, like a pendulum, from high contrast to low contrast. It's a sort of typographic journey, from the 18th century typefaces to the 19th century slab serif typefaces, gathering information from the Scotch Roman fonts on its journey. Prumo is a type family with classic proportions that takes advantage of the recent type production technology while looking carefully at the most important historical references.

Prumo is a new type system, based on a unique skeleton that flows, like a pendulum, from high contrast to low contrast. It’s a sort of typographic journey, from the 18th century typefaces to the 19th century slab serif typefaces, gathering information from the Scotch Roman fonts on its journey. Prumo is a type family with classic proportions that takes advantage of the recent type production technology while looking carefully at the most important historical references.