Designed and built in London by TypeUnion, Silo soft is a fluid sans serif typeface embodying energetic curves and a clean, functional structure. The Silo Soft Family is made up of 6 weights, which range from a delicate Extra-Light, all the way through to a punchy, loud Extra-bold and each carry a versatility for multiple applications and uses. Silo soft features open type alternate characters, and extensive language support to provide a flexible, substantial user experience.

Designed and built in London by TypeUnion, Karlsen Round is a structured, functional typeface which embraces harmony, flow and versatility, but with a cheeky twist. The Karlsen Round Family is made up of 14 styles, which range from a delicate thin, all the way through to a substantial extra-bold and each carry a versatility for multiple applications and uses. Karlsen Round provides extensive language support to provide a flexible, substantial user experience. Please also see our Karlsen family.

Original Foundry: TypeType Original name: TT Marks The typeface Pinatas Marks is made in the style of the traditional American sign painting, which is the traditional art of painting on buildings, billboards and signage for the purpose of announcing or advertising of products, services, and activities. Font family Pinatas Marks consists of 32 fonts and has 8 different weights: Thin, ExtraLight, Light, Regular, Medium, Bold, ExtraBold, Black. Pinatas Marks is looking great on all the modern information media, ranging from small labels to entire text blocks.

Neuron puts a chemist's twist on standard block-style print to create a fresher version of the elemental alphabet. Widely spaced letters and a slightly tall x-height have a clean effect for great readability. Squarish shapes are stylized to retain curved tails, achieving a neutral appearance that makes it very versatile. A thick width in ExtraBold, Black and Heavy give stand-out strength for headlines and branding, without affecting legibility. This modern sans-serif family includes 16 variants, and covers Latin, Central European and Cyrillic characters.

Bestlady is a romantic textured brush font suitable perfectly for invitations, brand projects, logos, greeting cards, news, product packaging, posters blogs, everything including personal charm etc. This font is alternates all lowercase,also have equipped with 69 ligatures unique and beautiful: zz yy ww vv uu tt tl th st ss sh rr qq pp oz oy ow ov ou ot os or op oo on om ol ok oj oi og of od oc ob nt nn nl ng mm lt ll lh kk is ii id hh gg ff et el ee cl ck ch cc bl bb aw at ap an am al ah af ab aa

German type designers Erik Spiekermann and Ole Schäfer created this sans FontFont in 1998. The family has 6 weights, ranging from Regular to Bold (including italics) and is ideally suited for advertising and packaging and logo, branding and creative industries. FF Info Correspondence provides advanced typographical support with features such as ligatures, alternate characters, case-sensitive forms, fractions, super- and subscript characters, and stylistic alternates. It comes with proportional lining and tabular lining figures. In 1998, FF Info Correspondence received the The Big Crit award. This FontFont is a member of the FF Info super family, which also includes FF Info Display and FF Info Text.

Hakan is an modern display font with an Arabian look. This font particularly for those not native to Arabic languages. Hakan try to bring back the Baghdad and Alladin memories to your design or typography. The font suits creative titling on both web and print, perfect for scroll text. Well balanced letters make for readable blocks of copy or headings.

Stanzer is an interpretation of wood type combined with the idea of modern stencils. Instead of cutting every letter, we are presenting an example of how a modern stencil typeface could look like, as we have come to the conclusion that almost every letter works without cutting it. Stanzer is a Unicase typeface, available in three OpenType weights: Black, Shadow and Block. Stanzer first started as part of our diploma 2010 (it was called Stanley at that time). The basic idea behind this typeface is that it is fully stencil usable, and, unlike other stencil fonts, does not require any bridges (except for the O and Q). Almost every letter can be sprayed without inserting planks. However, Stanzer also offers the display weight Block, which is only suitable for print or online usage.

Schwarz is a Black Letter typeface inspired by all that is black. Jagged edges and sharp diagonals make Schwarz a head banging font. Some stylistic alternates and ligatures are also available.

Elise is a sweet natured, layered display typeface, with a few layers but a wealth of options. From the feminine to the fun to the nostalgic, Elise is a capable and personable set. Best used BIG and with color, you’ll always find an occasion for Elise’s charm. To use this typeface, once you have your copy in place in the design program of your choice, copy your text block and paste it directly on top of your existing text block. Set this new text block to a different Elise layer and voila! You’ll already start to see some interesting effects take place. In some cases, different effects are achieved by bringing The Elise Ribbed layer to the front or to the back. Also available is a free ornament set to get you started.

Marketing Strategy JNL was inspired by some display signage used in an episode of the classic "Alfred Hitchcock Hour". Evoking the early-60s feel of kitchy advertising, this display font has a limited character set and is specifically designed for creating retro ad banners and point-of-sale attention getters as well as period piece signage. For those preferring a blank hexagon for spaces between words, one is located on the equal key. Marketing Strategy JNL is available in both regular (outline) and solid (white letters on black) versions.

Madley is a contemporary slab serif typeface. Featuring monolinear stems, elongated block serifs and teardrop terminals, the type family goes from a delicate Hairline weight to a heavy Black weight. Because of its range in weights and extensive Opentype features, it’s a perfect font for both text and display text settings. Alternative features include a wide array of swashes assigned up to 11 for select characters, combining ligatures in capital unicase settings, and stylistic alternates for some letters. To see more, please check out the User Guide and Specimen booklet.

Phillip Kelly first drew the Croissant typeface in 1978 for Letraset. Back in the 1970s and 80s, Letraset's rubdown lettersheets were a popular means of designing with type. Today, many of these nostalgic classics are available in digital format. Linotype is pleased to re-present Croissant. This experimental typeface is built up out of round, brush-like strokes, creating heavy, and black letters. These forms are best used for display signage and headline text. If you are designing for a local bakery or donut shop, this typeface may be the perfect fit. The dark, heavy character that Croissant lends to the page is similar to Cooper Black , one of the most renowned American type designs ever produced. If you are looking for a typeface with Croissant's feel, but need to set smaller headlines or text, check out that family's offerings."

Here’s a set of arrow shaped callouts in two varieties within one font. The black-on-white letters are on the upper case keys, and the white-on-black characters are on the lower case keys. The numerals 1 thru 10 in black-on-white are in the standard key positions, while the white-on-black numbers are on the same keys when engaging the “shift” key. The 'zero' key houses the number '10'. For a more dynamic look, the font is also available in an oblique version.

A clean, smooth rendition of the magnificent B42-type used by Johann Gutenberg in his famous 42-line Bible. In addition to the usual standard characters for typesetting modern texts, the font includes a comprehensive set of special characters, alternates and ligatures, plus Opentype features, that can be used for typesetting (almost) exactly as in Gutenberg’s Bible and later incunabula. Also available as The Oldtype “Gutenberg C” Font in a slightly roughened style simulating irregularities and ink spreads associated with old metal types, papers and parchments. The main historical sources used during the font design process were high-resolution scans from several printings of Gutenberg’s Bible. Other sources were as follows: Kapr, A. (1996), Johann Gutenberg - The Man and his Invention, Aldershot: Scolar Press (ch. 7); De Hamel, C. (2001), The Book - A History of The Bible, London: Phaidon Press (ch. 8); Füssel, S. (2005), Gutenberg and the impact of printing, Burlington: Ashgate (ch. 1); and Man, J. (2009), The Gutenberg Revolution, London: Bantam (ch. 7). Specimen, detailed character map, OpenType features, and font samples available at Alter Littera’s The Oldtype “Gutenberg B” Font Page.

Hypocrite is a wide and black display serif face with a hint of decay and black humor. Handle with care. Shelf-life unlimited. Designed by Alexander Lubovenko and released by Paratype in 2017.

The Ray Johnson font was inspired by the Father of Mail Art. It's based on the block lettering style used by Ray to add the names of his correspondents to their bunny head portraits (the film How to Draw a Bunny is a superb introduction). The font includes blank bunny heads and other Ray Johnson graphics as scalable vector images, and separate bitmap images are also provided as jpegs and gifs.

Everyone loves black, strict stylish and elegant shapes. We strive to be perfect. Right? But ... don't you think we have lost something? Maybe childish spontaneity? The Cattyfox font will take you back to those wonderful times when there was no need to be serious, when the whole world was not so serious. If you want to have some uncompromising fun, hover above the crowd to show everyone how free you are, just create something in Cattyfox font and you will understand what true freedom is.

Yardbird, insinuating prison numerals, was lifted from a wooden block print poster press, that would have indeed besides providing dates for the local carnival would have just as easily ink-chucked them over the backs of those denim blues. Part of Market LTD, a collection of limited faces, mostly alpha-numeric and some just plain numeric, used primarily in retail and display situations and titling.

The Flyer font family consists of two very heavy condensed sans serif faces, Black Condensed and Extra Black Condensed. Excellent for headlines or packaging, Flyer font is geometric and quite similar to Tempo Heavy Condensed.

Mamba is inspired by Cooper Black.

A sans serif with the futuristic retro, Art Deco feel of mid 20th century science fiction, particularly the early Flash Gordon serials.

TUTORIALS : https://www.youtube.com/@madhalinestudio/videos Yenisack is a carefully crafted font, which features a very heavy black metal feel. Yenisack suitable for metal band logos, merchandise, clothing, apparel, or anything that needs a black metal feel.

Designed and built in London by TypeUnion, Silo Slab is a fluid slab serif typeface embodying energetic curves and a clean, functional structure. The Silo Slab Family is made up of 6 weights, which range from a delicate Extra-Light, all the way through to a punchy, loud Extra-bold and each carry a versatility for multiple applications and uses. Each weight has a matching italic. Silo Slab features open type alternate characters, and extensive language support to provide a flexible, substantial user experience.

A geometric design, published in Rick Poynor’s Typography Now 1 (Booth-Clibborn Editions, London UK,1991). Discussing these kinds of angular styles, the critic Rick Poynor noted that "fate has overtaken the angular post-constructivist type design of Neville Brody, Zuzana Licko and Max Kisman". Poynor described a process by which typefaces, once “fresh, unexpected, precisely attuned to the moment”, get used increasingly often in less and less appropriate contexts and end up looking "irredeemably passé". (Poynor, Rick, ‘American Gothic’ in Eye Magazine, 6/1992)

Boisterous is a fashionable and elegant handwriting font, which looks like a signature, This font is intentionally made with unique ligatures and alternates. Boisterous fits perfectly for branding, logos, business cards, posters, invitations, greeting cards, news, product packaging, blog posters, all including personal charms etc. This font is also equipped with unique and interesting ligatures. By using these ligatures you can give your text a real hand-lettered style: tt ss ow os on oh nn ll il et en eb ch an ak ut st oy ot ont oi nt mm in ff er el ck ar al ab wh th sh ou oo ol of ng it ht es em co at am ah

In 1931, The Times of London commissioned a new text type design from Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, after Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically behind the times. The new design was supervised by Stanley Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface, Plantin, as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space (always important concerns for newspapers). As the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman," Morison's revision became "Times New Roman." The Times of London debuted the new typeface in October 1932, and after one year the design was released for commercial sale. The Linotype version, called simply "Times," was optimized for line-casting technology, though the differences in the basic design are subtle. The typeface was very successful for the Times of London, which used a higher grade of newsprint than most newspapers. The better, whiter paper enhanced the new typeface's high degree of contrast and sharp serifs, and created a sparkling, modern look. In 1972, Walter Tracy designed Times Europa for The Times of London. This was a sturdier version, and it was needed to hold up to the newest demands of newspaper printing: faster presses and cheaper paper. In the United States, the Times font family has enjoyed popularity as a magazine and book type since the 1940s. Times continues to be very popular around the world because of its versatility and readability. And because it is a standard font on most computers and digital printers, it has become universally familiar as the office workhorse. Times?, Times? Europa, and Times New Roman? are sure bets for proposals, annual reports, office correspondence, magazines, and newspapers. Linotype offers many versions of this font: Times? is the universal version of Times, used formerly as the matrices for the Linotype hot metal line-casting machines. The basic four weights of roman, italic, bold and bold italic are standard fonts on most printers. There are also small caps, Old style Figures, phonetic characters, and Central European characters. Times? Ten is the version specially designed for smaller text (12 point and below); its characters are wider and the hairlines are a little stronger. Times Ten has many weights for Latin typography, as well as several weights for Central European, Cyrillic, and Greek typesetting. Times? Eighteen is the headline version, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer."

In 1931, The Times of London commissioned a new text type design from Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, after Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically behind the times. The new design was supervised by Stanley Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface, Plantin, as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space (always important concerns for newspapers). As the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman," Morison's revision became "Times New Roman." The Times of London debuted the new typeface in October 1932, and after one year the design was released for commercial sale. The Linotype version, called simply "Times," was optimized for line-casting technology, though the differences in the basic design are subtle. The typeface was very successful for the Times of London, which used a higher grade of newsprint than most newspapers. The better, whiter paper enhanced the new typeface's high degree of contrast and sharp serifs, and created a sparkling, modern look. In 1972, Walter Tracy designed Times Europa for The Times of London. This was a sturdier version, and it was needed to hold up to the newest demands of newspaper printing: faster presses and cheaper paper. In the United States, the Times font family has enjoyed popularity as a magazine and book type since the 1940s. Times continues to be very popular around the world because of its versatility and readability. And because it is a standard font on most computers and digital printers, it has become universally familiar as the office workhorse. Times?, Times? Europa, and Times New Roman? are sure bets for proposals, annual reports, office correspondence, magazines, and newspapers. Linotype offers many versions of this font: Times? is the universal version of Times, used formerly as the matrices for the Linotype hot metal line-casting machines. The basic four weights of roman, italic, bold and bold italic are standard fonts on most printers. There are also small caps, Old style Figures, phonetic characters, and Central European characters. Times? Ten is the version specially designed for smaller text (12 point and below); its characters are wider and the hairlines are a little stronger. Times Ten has many weights for Latin typography, as well as several weights for Central European, Cyrillic, and Greek typesetting. Times? Eighteen is the headline version, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer."

In 1931, The Times of London commissioned a new text type design from Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, after Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically behind the times. The new design was supervised by Stanley Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface, Plantin, as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space (always important concerns for newspapers). As the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman," Morison's revision became "Times New Roman." The Times of London debuted the new typeface in October 1932, and after one year the design was released for commercial sale. The Linotype version, called simply "Times," was optimized for line-casting technology, though the differences in the basic design are subtle. The typeface was very successful for the Times of London, which used a higher grade of newsprint than most newspapers. The better, whiter paper enhanced the new typeface's high degree of contrast and sharp serifs, and created a sparkling, modern look. In 1972, Walter Tracy designed Times Europa for The Times of London. This was a sturdier version, and it was needed to hold up to the newest demands of newspaper printing: faster presses and cheaper paper. In the United States, the Times font family has enjoyed popularity as a magazine and book type since the 1940s. Times continues to be very popular around the world because of its versatility and readability. And because it is a standard font on most computers and digital printers, it has become universally familiar as the office workhorse. Times?, Times? Europa, and Times New Roman? are sure bets for proposals, annual reports, office correspondence, magazines, and newspapers. Linotype offers many versions of this font: Times? is the universal version of Times, used formerly as the matrices for the Linotype hot metal line-casting machines. The basic four weights of roman, italic, bold and bold italic are standard fonts on most printers. There are also small caps, Old style Figures, phonetic characters, and Central European characters. Times? Ten is the version specially designed for smaller text (12 point and below); its characters are wider and the hairlines are a little stronger. Times Ten has many weights for Latin typography, as well as several weights for Central European, Cyrillic, and Greek typesetting. Times? Eighteen is the headline version, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer."

In 1931, The Times of London commissioned a new text type design from Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, after Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically behind the times. The new design was supervised by Stanley Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface, Plantin, as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space (always important concerns for newspapers). As the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman," Morison's revision became "Times New Roman." The Times of London debuted the new typeface in October 1932, and after one year the design was released for commercial sale. The Linotype version, called simply "Times," was optimized for line-casting technology, though the differences in the basic design are subtle. The typeface was very successful for the Times of London, which used a higher grade of newsprint than most newspapers. The better, whiter paper enhanced the new typeface's high degree of contrast and sharp serifs, and created a sparkling, modern look. In 1972, Walter Tracy designed Times Europa for The Times of London. This was a sturdier version, and it was needed to hold up to the newest demands of newspaper printing: faster presses and cheaper paper. In the United States, the Times font family has enjoyed popularity as a magazine and book type since the 1940s. Times continues to be very popular around the world because of its versatility and readability. And because it is a standard font on most computers and digital printers, it has become universally familiar as the office workhorse. Times?, Times? Europa, and Times New Roman? are sure bets for proposals, annual reports, office correspondence, magazines, and newspapers. Linotype offers many versions of this font: Times? is the universal version of Times, used formerly as the matrices for the Linotype hot metal line-casting machines. The basic four weights of roman, italic, bold and bold italic are standard fonts on most printers. There are also small caps, Old style Figures, phonetic characters, and Central European characters. Times? Ten is the version specially designed for smaller text (12 point and below); its characters are wider and the hairlines are a little stronger. Times Ten has many weights for Latin typography, as well as several weights for Central European, Cyrillic, and Greek typesetting. Times? Eighteen is the headline version, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer."

In 1931, The Times of London commissioned a new text type design from Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, after Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically behind the times. The new design was supervised by Stanley Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface, Plantin, as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space (always important concerns for newspapers). As the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman," Morison's revision became "Times New Roman." The Times of London debuted the new typeface in October 1932, and after one year the design was released for commercial sale. The Linotype version, called simply "Times," was optimized for line-casting technology, though the differences in the basic design are subtle. The typeface was very successful for the Times of London, which used a higher grade of newsprint than most newspapers. The better, whiter paper enhanced the new typeface's high degree of contrast and sharp serifs, and created a sparkling, modern look. In 1972, Walter Tracy designed Times Europa for The Times of London. This was a sturdier version, and it was needed to hold up to the newest demands of newspaper printing: faster presses and cheaper paper. In the United States, the Times font family has enjoyed popularity as a magazine and book type since the 1940s. Times continues to be very popular around the world because of its versatility and readability. And because it is a standard font on most computers and digital printers, it has become universally familiar as the office workhorse. Times?, Times? Europa, and Times New Roman? are sure bets for proposals, annual reports, office correspondence, magazines, and newspapers. Linotype offers many versions of this font: Times? is the universal version of Times, used formerly as the matrices for the Linotype hot metal line-casting machines. The basic four weights of roman, italic, bold and bold italic are standard fonts on most printers. There are also small caps, Old style Figures, phonetic characters, and Central European characters. Times? Ten is the version specially designed for smaller text (12 point and below); its characters are wider and the hairlines are a little stronger. Times Ten has many weights for Latin typography, as well as several weights for Central European, Cyrillic, and Greek typesetting. Times? Eighteen is the headline version, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer."

In 1931, The Times of London commissioned a new text type design from Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, after Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically behind the times. The new design was supervised by Stanley Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface, Plantin, as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space (always important concerns for newspapers). As the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman," Morison's revision became "Times New Roman." The Times of London debuted the new typeface in October 1932, and after one year the design was released for commercial sale. The Linotype version, called simply "Times," was optimized for line-casting technology, though the differences in the basic design are subtle. The typeface was very successful for the Times of London, which used a higher grade of newsprint than most newspapers. The better, whiter paper enhanced the new typeface's high degree of contrast and sharp serifs, and created a sparkling, modern look. In 1972, Walter Tracy designed Times Europa for The Times of London. This was a sturdier version, and it was needed to hold up to the newest demands of newspaper printing: faster presses and cheaper paper. In the United States, the Times font family has enjoyed popularity as a magazine and book type since the 1940s. Times continues to be very popular around the world because of its versatility and readability. And because it is a standard font on most computers and digital printers, it has become universally familiar as the office workhorse. Times?, Times? Europa, and Times New Roman? are sure bets for proposals, annual reports, office correspondence, magazines, and newspapers. Linotype offers many versions of this font: Times? is the universal version of Times, used formerly as the matrices for the Linotype hot metal line-casting machines. The basic four weights of roman, italic, bold and bold italic are standard fonts on most printers. There are also small caps, Old style Figures, phonetic characters, and Central European characters. Times? Ten is the version specially designed for smaller text (12 point and below); its characters are wider and the hairlines are a little stronger. Times Ten has many weights for Latin typography, as well as several weights for Central European, Cyrillic, and Greek typesetting. Times? Eighteen is the headline version, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer."

In 1931, The Times of London commissioned a new text type design from Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, after Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically behind the times. The new design was supervised by Stanley Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older typeface, Plantin, as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space (always important concerns for newspapers). As the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman," Morison's revision became "Times New Roman." The Times of London debuted the new typeface in October 1932, and after one year the design was released for commercial sale. The Linotype version, called simply "Times," was optimized for line-casting technology, though the differences in the basic design are subtle. The typeface was very successful for the Times of London, which used a higher grade of newsprint than most newspapers. The better, whiter paper enhanced the new typeface's high degree of contrast and sharp serifs, and created a sparkling, modern look. In 1972, Walter Tracy designed Times Europa for The Times of London. This was a sturdier version, and it was needed to hold up to the newest demands of newspaper printing: faster presses and cheaper paper. In the United States, the Times font family has enjoyed popularity as a magazine and book type since the 1940s. Times continues to be very popular around the world because of its versatility and readability. And because it is a standard font on most computers and digital printers, it has become universally familiar as the office workhorse. Times?, Times? Europa, and Times New Roman? are sure bets for proposals, annual reports, office correspondence, magazines, and newspapers. Linotype offers many versions of this font: Times? is the universal version of Times, used formerly as the matrices for the Linotype hot metal line-casting machines. The basic four weights of roman, italic, bold and bold italic are standard fonts on most printers. There are also small caps, Old style Figures, phonetic characters, and Central European characters. Times? Ten is the version specially designed for smaller text (12 point and below); its characters are wider and the hairlines are a little stronger. Times Ten has many weights for Latin typography, as well as several weights for Central European, Cyrillic, and Greek typesetting. Times? Eighteen is the headline version, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer."

Introducing our first old english black letter Royal Grande. Quite basic anatomy not the contemporary style. With this not too complicated black letter that make this font good for general display projects. We also make it a black letter family because we rarely see this kind of option in the market. Another good news , we also offer the variable format this time for the new font enthusias community.

Blippo Black with its constructed style is a typical headline typeface. Its robust figures with their even strokes were composed using the basic forms of the circle and rectangle. Its curves are often not completely closed. The figures of Blippo Black form dark, heavy lines, making the typeface suitable only in middle and larger point sizes. Blippo Black will make an impression when used for flyers and correspondence.