Belostika Brush Script Font is a modern smooth brush script font. With smooth brush stroke, fun character with a bit of ligatures and alternates. To give you an extra creative work. Belostika font support multilingual more than 100+ language. This font is good for logo design, Social media, Movie Titles, Books Titles, a short text even a long text letter and good for your secondary text font with sans or serif. Make a stunning work with Belostika font. Cheers, Maulana Creative

Introducing Cristaloak - a rough monoline script font. This font has a rough shape in the body of the font, different from monoline fonts in general. The rough shape of this font will make the retro/vintage feel more visible. Cristaloak is perfect for vintage design, badge, logos, t-shirt, poster, branding, packaging, signage, book cover and so much more! Come with opentype feature with a lot of alternates, its help you to make great lettering. This font is also support multi language.

Introducing our newest font called Bequest, This san serif family font is perfect for your various projects, such as games, sporting events, branding, banners, posters, movie titles, food and beverage, technology, quotes, clothing, types of logos, and more. of course, your various design projects will be perfect and extraordinary if you use this font because this font is equipped with a complimentary font family, both for titles and subtitles and sentence text. start using our fonts for your amazing projects.

Frank Casual Signature Font is a modern feminine script font. With regular contrast stroke, fun character with some of ligatures. To give you an extra creative work. Frank Casual Signature Font support multilingual more than 100+ language. This font is good for logo design, Social media, Movie Titles, Books Titles, a short text even a long text letter and good for your secondary text font with sans or serif. Make a stunning work with Frank Casual Signature Font. Cheers, Maulana Creative

Introduced by Timurtype Studio! Radiant Kingdom is a Quotable Handwritten Font This font enhances your words with a font that is not just handwritten but also a charming masterpiece. Each stroke weaves a story of intrigue, making each quote a journey through the art of expression. Quotable and irresistible – let your writing leave an indelible mark. Radiant Kingdom Font also supports multilingualism. Enhance your designs with our original fonts, feel free to comment or provide feedback, Enjoy the fonts 😊 Thank You

Inspired by early cool cartoon fonts, early rock and hippie posters, I created this casually organic 'DT Stoner Toon' font. Please use with contextual ligatures turned on when possible. These letters like to adapt to their neighbours. 60's 60s artdeco artnouveau cartoon cartoonesque Cartoon Font cartoonish cartoony casual contextual cool cool font cool typeface dots fun fun font gigposter hippie hippy joined party poster poster font poster typeface rock poster spots spotted Stoned Stoner stones theater poster toon wet with dots written

Catterpilar is a stylist handdraw font. The Catterpilar font works great for any design project, be it web, printing, logotype, posters, badges, signage, product, brand, t-shirt design, etc. Catterpilar font contains almost 215 glyphs with several OpenType Features; Stylistic Alternate, Standard Ligature & Multylangual support. The OpenType Feature can be used to create your own custom typography of your design. The Catterpilar font is a beautiful example of stylist fonts. Please contact me for more information about the font terms and condition.

Alternox fonts is a new futuristic multipurpose sans serif font family with sophisticated geometric shapes. You can use it in a modern, clean and professional design. This font is perfect for your various projects such as logos and brand identity, technology, business cards, web, stationery, displays, sports and more. Alternox fonts feature opentype, kerning, ligatures and alternates packed in 6 fonts: ExtraLight, Light, Regular, SemiBold, Bold, and ExtraBold. Alternox fonts include uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numeral, punctuation and multilingual support.

Quick Notes playful script font Cyrillic is a pretty monoline font that will look gorgeous on all your designs, wedding stationery, love stories, branding materials, monoline logos, pretty teenage stickers, business and wedding cards, calligraphy Insta quotes, elegant fashion sketches, calligraphy love monograms and much more. Quick Notes playful script font contains the Cyrillic glyphs too. Quick Notes playful script font is a graceful cursive calligraphic script font, plus a Symbols font with 26 lovely hand-drawn swashes and illustrations!

Sultan Ruqah is a attracting font, Designed by Sultan Maqtari. This is one font of the Sultan Fonts families that supports a variety of scripts including Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Uthmani, and Kurdish. The Sultan Ruqah has its own family with 8 unique fonts varying in weights and width. All characters, punctuation and styling have all been improved keeping in mind the required feel and beauty of the font for a wide corporate use, The 8 fonts include lots of styles.

Hookypilots Unique Handwritten Font Hookypilots is an expressive slanted handwritten display font. With bold stroke, fun character with a bit of ligatures and alternates. To give you an extra creative work. Hookypilots font support multilingual more than 100+ language. This font is good for logo design, Social media, Movie Titles, Books Titles, a short text even a long text letter and good for your secondary text font with sans or serif. Make a stunning work with Hookypilots font. Cheers, MaulanaCreative

Gin is a futuristic decorative font that combines calligraphy, graffiti and typography. This font is inspired by the street art called calligraffiti where it is abstract and elegant. This font is suitable for those who are anti mainstream and out of the zone, this is a new face in the world of fonts, for those who are against this font it will be considered broken but for those who are from the future, this font is an answer to futuristic design needs

Heroic Trouble is a Modern Handwritten Script Font. Heroic Trouble is a modern handwritten script font. Heroic Trouble Monoline is a thin-lettered and refined script font that emanates sophistication and elegance. Its stylish alternates and ligatures make this font the perfect match for any project. You can use this feminine font for clothes, fashion, magazines, wedding invitations, and cards. Heroic Trouble also multilingual support. Enjoy the font, feel free to comment or feedback, send me PM or email. Thank you!

Saylist is a serif font that exudes luxury and elegance. It has various features that will make your designs look beautiful and sophisticated. This font is highly recommended for logos and branding purposes. Still, its versatility allows you to use it for a wide range of design themes, such as luxurious, unique, vintage, and elegant. One of the standout features of Saylist is its unique shape, which gives off a creative impression. The font's clean lines and sharp edges make it easy to read, while its elegant curves add a touch of sophistication. Saylist's balanced letterforms and consistent spacing provide a harmonious and cohesive look, making it an excellent choice for any design project. Saylist is a font that can be used for various design projects. Its elegant and luxurious style makes it ideal for fashion, beauty, and lifestyle branding. It can also be used for headings, body text, invitations, and other print materials. Saylist's versatility allows it to be paired with other fonts to create a unique and cohesive design. Overall, Saylist is a beautiful and versatile serif font that can add a touch of luxury and elegance to any design project. It's unique shape, and balanced letterforms make it a standout choice for logos and branding, while its versatility allows it to be used for various design themes. If you're looking for a font that exudes sophistication and creativity, Saylist is an excellent choice.

TT Marxiana useful links: Specimen | History of creation | Graphic presentation | Customization options Please note! If you need OTF versions of the fonts, just email us at commercial@typetype.org About TT Marxiana: TT Marxiana is a project to reconstruct a set of pre-revolutionary fonts that were used in the layout of the "Niva" magazine, published by the St. Petersburg publishing house A.F. Marx. In our project, we decided to focus on a specific set of fonts that were used in the preparation and printing of the "Niva" magazine in 1887, namely its Antiqua and Italic, Grotesque and Elzevir. As part of the TT Marxiana project, we sought to adhere to strict historicity and maintain maximum proximity to the paper source. We tried to avoid any “modernization” of fonts, unless of course we consider this to be kerning work, the introduction of OpenType features and creation of manual hinting. As a result, with the TT Marxiana font family, a modern designer gets a full-fledged and functional set of different fonts, which allows using modern methods and using modern software to create, for example, a magazine in a design typical of the late 19th century. The TT Marxiana project started in the late summer of 2018 and from the very beginning went beyond the traditional projects of TypeType because of the importance of preserving the historical identity. Since up to this point, we had never before reconstructed the font from historical paper sources and with such a level of elaboration and attention to detail, it took us two years to implement this project. You can read more about all stages of the project in our blog, and here we will briefly talk about the result. As it turned out, drawing a font following the scanned pages of a century-old magazine is a very difficult task. In fact, such a font reconstruction very much resembles archaeological excavations or solving a complex cipher, and all these efforts are needed only in order to finally understand what steps need to be taken so that the resulting font is not just an antiqua, but the specific and accurate antiqua from "Niva" magazine. In addition, due to the specifics of printing, same characters in the old magazine setting looked completely different, which greatly complicated the task. In one place, there was less ink than needed, and the letter in the reference was not well-printed and thin, in some other place there was more ink and the letter had flooded. An important task was to preserve and convey this feeling of typographic printing, but at the same time it was important to identify the common logic and character of the dot gains so that the font would form a harmonious, single, but at the same time lively picture. Since the "Niva" magazine was historically published in Russian, the magazine had no shortage of references for the reconstruction of Cyrillic characters, but there were not many Latin letters in the magazine at all. In addition, the paper source lacked a part of punctuation, diacritics, there were no currency signs nor ligatures at all—we developed all these characters based on font catalogs of the 19–20 centuries, trying to reflect characteristic details from the main character composition to the max. So, for example, the Germandbls character, which is not in the original "Niva" set, we first found in one of the font catalogs, but still significantly redesigned it. We decided that in such a voluminous project, only graphic similarities with the original source are not enough and we came up with a feature that can be used to exchange modern Russian spelling for pre-revolutionary spelling. When this feature is turned on, yat and yer appear in the necessary places (i, ѣ, b, ѳ and ѵ), the endings of the words change, and so appears a complete sensation of the historical text. This feature works in all fonts of the TT Marxiana font family. TT Marxiana Antiqua is a scotch style serif, the drawing of which carefully preserved some of the artifacts obtained by printing, namely dot gain, a slight deformation of the letters and other visual nuances. TT Marxiana Antiqua has an interesting stylistic set that imitates the old setting and in which some of the signs are made with deliberate sticking or roughness. Using this set will provide an opportunity to further simulate the setting of that great time. TT Marxiana Grotesque is a rather thick and bold old grotesk. Its drawing also maximally preserved the defects obtained during printing and characteristic of its paper reference. In addition to pre-revolutionary spelling, TT Marxiana Grotesque has a decorative set with an inversion. This is a set of uppercase characters, numbers and punctuation, which allows you to type inverse headers, i.e. print white on black. As a result of using this set, you get the text against black bars—this way of displaying was very characteristic for print advertising at the turn of the century. In addition, about 30 decorative indicator stubs were drawn for this set: arrows, hands, clubs, etc. TT Marxiana Elzevir is a title or header font and is a compilation of monastic Elzevir that were actively used in the "Niva" magazine for all its prints. Unlike the antiqua, TT Marxiana Elzevir has sharper forms, and the influence of deformations from typographic printing is not as noticeable in the forms of its signs. This is primarily due to the specifics of its drawing and the fact that it was usually used as a heading font and was printed in large sizes. The height of the lowercase and uppercase characters of Elsevier is the same as the heights of the antiqua, but the font is more contrasting and lighter, it has a lot of white and, unlike the antiqua and the grotesque, there are a lot of sharp corners. An exclusive feature of the TT Marxiana Elzevir is an alternative set of uppercase characters with swash. • TT Marxiana Antiqua consist of 625 glyphs each and and it has 23 OpenType features, such as: aalt, ccmp, locl, subs, sinf, sups, numr, dnom, frac, ordn, lnum, pnum, tnum, onum, salt, calt, liga, ss01, ss02, ss03, ss04, ss05, case. • TT Marxiana Antiqua Italic consist of 586 glyphs each and and it has 22 OpenType features, such as: aalt, ccmp, locl, subs, sinf, sups, numr, dnom, frac, ordn, lnum, pnum, tnum, onum, salt, calt, liga, ss01, ss02, ss03, ss04, case. • TT Marxiana Grotesque consists of 708 glyphs and it has 22 OT features, such as: aalt, ccmp, locl, subs, sinf, sups, numr, dnom, frac, ordn, lnum, pnum, tnum, onum, salt, calt, liga, ss01, ss02, ss03, ss04, case. • TT Marxiana Elzevir consists of 780 glyphs and it has 21 OT features, such as: aalt, ccmp, locl, ordn, frac, tnum, onum, lnum, pnum, calt, ss01, ss02, ss03, ss04, ss05, ss06, salt, c2sc, smcp, case, liga. FOLLOW US: Instagram | Facebook | Website TT Marxiana language support: Acehnese, Afar, Albanian, Alsatian, Aragonese, Asu, Aymara, Banjar, Basque, Belarusian (cyr), Bemba, Bena, Betawi, Bislama, Boholano, Bosnian (cyr), Breton, Bulgarian (cyr), Catalan, Cebuano, Chamorro, Chiga, Cornish, Corsican, Cree, Danish, Dutch, Embu, English, Erzya, Estonian, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Friulian, Gaelic, Galician, German, Gusii, Haitian Creole, Hiri Motu, Hungarian, Icelandic, Ilocano, Indonesian, Interlingua, Irish, Italian, Javanese, Judaeo-Spanish, Kabuverdianu, Kalenjin, Karachay-Balkar (cyr), Kashubian, Khasi, Khvarshi, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kongo, Kumyk, Ladin, Leonese, Luganda, Luo, Luxembourgish, Luyia, Macedonian, Machame, Makhuwa-Meetto, Makonde, Malagasy, Malay, Manx, Mauritian Creole, Minangkabau, Montenegrin (cyr), Mordvin-moksha, Morisyen, Nauruan, Ndebele, Nias, Nogai, Norwegian, Nyankole, Occitan, Oromo, Palauan, Polish, Portuguese, Rheto-Romance, Rohingya, Romansh, Rombo, Rundi, Russian, Rusyn, Rwa, Samburu, Sango, Sangu, Scots, Sena, Serbian (cyr), Seychellois Creole, Shambala, Shona, Soga, Somali, Sotho, Spanish, Sundanese, Swahili, Swazi, Swedish, Swiss German, Tagalog, Taita, Tetum, Tok Pisin, Tsonga, Tswana, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Valencian, Volapük, Võro, Vunjo, Walloon, Xhosa, Zulu.

Meows Display Font is a fun and playful font that is perfect for a variety of design projects. This font features a unique paw print in place of a traditional dot over the letter "i" giving it a playful and whimsical feel. The Meows Display Font is a bold and attention-grabbing font that is sure to make a statement in any design. The paw print feature gives the font a touch of personality and quirkiness, making it ideal for use in children's books, animal-themed designs, and other creative projects. The Meows Display Font is designed to be used as a display font, meaning it is best used in larger sizes such as headlines, titles, and logos. The font includes a full set of upper and lowercase letters, as well as numbers and punctuation, making it a versatile and practical choice for designers. Overall, Meows Display Font is a fun and unique font that brings a touch of playfulness and quirkiness to any design project. Whether you're creating a children's book, designing a pet-themed product, or working on a logo, this font is sure to make your project stand out.

CONCEPT/CHARACTERISTICS This strikin­gly bold, black and exten­ded 3D font remi­nis­cent of sci-fi films and expe­ri­men­tal type­face design. The font acts as a chain of liga­tures and thus recei­ves a uni­que aes­the­tic. The uni­que let­ter forms are in sharp con­trast to other fonts and thus stand out as a uni­que sel­ling point. APPLICATION AREA Pos­ters, music cover, book cover, logos, as a head­line font for maga­zi­nes or websites … TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Head­line Font | Dis­play Font | Sci-Fi Font »Mega Slant Line« Open­Type Font with 303 gly­phs – alter­na­tive let­ters and liga­tures (with accents & €) & 2 styles (regu­lar & 3d) KONZEPT/BESONDERHEITEN Diese auf­fäl­lig pla­ka­tive, fette und breit­lau­fende 3D Schrift erin­nert an Sci-Fi Filme und ist expe­ri­men­telle Schrift­ge­stal­tung. Die Schrift wirkt wie eine Kette aus Liga­tu­ren (Buch­sta­ben­ver­bin­dun­gen) und erhält somit eine ganz eigene Ästhe­tik. Die sehr eige­nen Buch­sta­ben­for­men wer­den sich deut­lich von ande­ren Schrif­ten abhe­ben und somit als Allein­stel­lungs­merk­mal her­aus­ste­chen. Der Fluss ergiebt sich aus den EINSATZGEBIETE Pla­kate aller Art, Musik Cover, Buch­co­ver, für Logos und Wort­mar­ken, als Dis­play­schrift für Zeit­schrif­ten oder Websites… TECHNISCHE INFORMATIONEN Head­line Font | Dis­play Font | Sci-Fi Font »Mega Slant Line« Open­Type Font with 303 gly­phs – alter­na­tive let­ters and liga­tures (with accents & €) & 2 styles (regu­lar & 3d)

Arranging fonts is a difficult, time-consuming process, especially the handwriting arrangement which needs careful considerations and precisions for a natural-looking font. Because you deserve a unique, real essence-catching font, let us introduce you to the Black Letter, an attention-catching script font. This capitalized font designs with brush details have curvy, infirm lines to make the designs look more artistic and unique. The letters’ proportions are similar, yet it has high contrast to add some visual attractions to the font. However, a brush font lacks legibility in lengthy texts. As a result, it is more suitable to apply for short texts or titles only. You can also enjoy the available features here. Features: Multilingual Supports PUA Encoded Numerals and Punctuations Black Letter fits best for various design projects, such as brandings, posters, banners, headings, magazine covers, quotes, printed products, merchandise, social media, etc. Find out more ways to use this font by taking a look at the font preview. Thanks for purchasing our fonts. Hopefully, you have a great time using our font. Feel free to contact us anytime for further information or when you have trouble with the font. Thanks a lot and happy designing.

Hickory is the revival of an old unnamed font dating back to 1852 and was sold through a few different type foundries including Bruce, MacKellar Smiths & Jordan and James Conner's Sons. By the year 1900 this font disappeared from the major type foundries, now with the digital age of type we're proud to revive this old classic font that hasn't been used in over one hundred years. The original font was only available as an uppercase with punctuation and an ampersand. Today the character set has been updated to include a new lowercase, numbers and accented characters for Eastern, Central and Western European countries. Three fill fonts have been created for the Hickory font making it easier for you to add different colors, textures and patterns to the letters. You will need an application that works in layers such as Adobe Photoshop or Illustrator in order to use the fill fonts, some fill fonts may look good as a stand alone font, the Hickory fill fonts however do not look good used apart from the Hickory main font. I hope you enjoy this old font as much as I did making it.

Introducing Slothy Jelly! A fun font for everyone. Slothy Jelly is a cute handwritten font that has fun and happy characteristics. This font is authentically handwritten with the marker pen for a consistent look. This font also has alternates so you can mix and match the letters and make it more fun! For some extra hand-drawn cuteness, this font is also thrown in a bonus font with symbols like emojis, hearts, underlines, arrows, and circles - and drawn with the same pen to perfectly go with the writing. So it will help to make your design more cute and happy. This font is suitable for branding, posters, children's books, magazines and others. Your download will contain the following fonts such as Slothy Jelly Regular - a pretty and cute handwritten including a set of uppercase, lowercase, alternates, ligatures and multilingual support. Slothy Jelly Symbols - a dingbat font of many hand-drawn elements These fonts will work in any program, but please note that the alternates and ligatures of the font can only be accessed on software that supports OpenType features. Thank you for your purchase! Hope you enjoy this font

The typeface Wood Type DIY is designed from 2016–2022 for the font foundry Typo Graphic Design by Manuel Viergutz. The display font based on the original wood letter from flea market. The font started from 50 wood letters (analog) and was finally digitalize and extended to 300+ glyphs (digital). 4 font-styles (Rough, Clean, Mix, Impact) with 320 glyphs incl. decorative extras like icons, arrows, dingbats, emojis, symbols, geometric shapes (type the word #LOVE for ❤️ or #SMILE for 🙂 as OpenType-Feature dlig) and stylistic alternates (9 stylistic sets). For use in logos, magazines, posters, advertisement plus as webfont for decorative headlines. The font works best for display size. Have fun with this font & use the DEMO-FONT (with reduced glyph-set) FOR FREE! Font Spe­ci­fi­ca­ti­ons ■ Font Name: Wood Type DIY ■ Font Styles: 4 (Rough, Clean, Mix, Impact) + DEMO (with reduced glyph-set) ■ Font Cate­gory: Dis­play for head­line size ■ Font For­mat:.otf (Mac + Win, for Print) + .woff (for Web) ■ Glyph Set: 320 glyphs incl. extras like icons (decorative extras like arrows, dingbats, emojis, symbols) ■ Design Date: 2016–2022 ■ Type Desi­gner: Manuel Viergutz

Presta is a variable weight sans serif typeface made up of 12 fonts from thin and condensed to wide and bold. Included in the variable font are over 500 alternate glyphs for creative customization. 12 fonts total 5 font weights Upper / lowercase glyphs Multilingual Over 5000 glyphs

Alessyia is a classic style typeface font. This font has classic but at the same time a fresh look. "Alessia family" includes 3 font types: Regular ( Classic and elegant with straight geometric lines ) Grunge ( Dirty and messy ) Retro ( Hand drawn brush font with an uneven texture )

Introducing Ice Valley Hand-drawn Fonts The Ice Valley hand-drawn font is perfect for logos, invitations, stationery, wedding designs, social media posts, advertisements, product packaging, product designs, label, photography, watermark, special events or anything. This font includes: Ice Valley OTF font file, Ligatures, and Multilingual support.

Roberta goes back to the old poster fonts of the 1930s. It is an excellent alternative and combination to fonts like Arnold Böcklin or Hobo. Ralph M. Unger redrew and digitized this font in 2003. His work is based on artwork taken from old font catalogs.

This is a modern, wonderful, and beautiful font. This font is super readable and can be used from Posters to a Hebrew prayer book. The readability of this font is amazing. This font has the modern Hebrew punctuation: Shevana, Kamatz Katan, Dagesh Hazak, and Cholam Chaser.

Mono and Friends font is inspired by monoline style font. Mono and Friends consists of 6 unique and cool family packs. Especially if it is combined between several fonts. You get a cool font package for design projects that are non-formal, funny, kidy and so on.

Neueral is a semi-round and geometric sans serif font, with flexibility and modern every glyphs, neutral font variable so it is very functional in making logo designs, article, wayfinding, system fonts, branding, business cards and many others. There are 18 fonts including Latin simple ligatures

Gumball is a hand drawn font using an old letter ruler. It is a versatile sans serif font, perfect to make a statement in postcards, posters, titles, branding and packaging, etc. The Gumball font family includes four fonts: Gumball, Gumball Italic, Gumball Blackout, Gumball Blackout Italic

Glossy Sheen is a shine layered font. A fun thick font with 4 layers of fonts to choose from! There are shine, shadow and outline that you can pick. This font is perfect for t-shirt, packaging, branding, posters, greeting cards, quotes and so much more.

Valis is a thin, futurist, lightweight font, a sister font to my other design Ebdus. Valis has more of a 3D Angular feel. This font is an omnicase font, with capitals, capital-lowercase and lower case letters available. Lowercase letters are accessible through your Glyphs palette.

Yo-ho-ho. Vintage label font Yo-ho-ho. This is a vintage pirate style layered font. Good for for illustrations for T-shirts, alcohol labels, logos and corporate identity. The font has 6 font styles, Uppercase, lowercase, numbers, punctuation and multilingual characters for each style

Sarling monoline script font. This font is good for logo design, Social media, Movie Titles, Books Titles, a short text even a long text letter and good for your secondary text font with signature or script typeface. Make a stunning work with Sarling font. Cheers, Maulana Creative

Bear Claw is a handwritten script font. A new fresh handmade font with rough edges. This font is support multi language and available in OTF file. This font will perfect for many different project ex: quotes, logo, blog header, poster, branding, fashion, apparel, letter, invitation, stationery, etc….

Hittre brush font. This font is good for logo design, Social media, Movie Titles, Books Titles, a short text even a long text letter and good for your secondary text font with signature or script typeface. Make a stunning work with Hittre brush font. Cheers, Maulana Creative

Cryptolucre is a font specifically for all crypto currencies like Bitcoins, Litecoins, Ethereum, Ark, Siacoin, Golem and what else is there. The icon version includes some existing currency logos and newly invented currency logos. The sans serif font comes in 11 font styles with 1 graphic font.

Justheros font is a very amazing bold font. This font is created by combining sharp angles and curves to produce a spectacular shape. This font can be used formally and informally, and is equipped with opentype features and international accents to support your best design work. ... thanks ...

Meet our newest product, we call this product Aghellay font. Aghellay font are cute typeface font Whit a uniqe touch and assertive. Aghellay font is very nice to use on: fashion magazine, logos, ,and photography, landing page, fliyer. What’s includes - multilingual support - alternate - ligature Ali Sifak Muftari

Venice Magnefia Font Duo is a bold synergy font. The composition between thick brush and a clean hand writing is very suitable. this font created with brush marker and gel pen. Venice Magnefia font come for you to use in all your creative and boldness needs.